Rimland D, McGowan J E, Shulman J A
Ann Intern Med. 1976 Nov;85(5):622-9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-85-5-622.
The emphasis of immunization programs and schedules has traditionally been directed to infants and children, since most of the vaccine-preventable diseases are seen predominantly in these age groups. Immunization procedures in adults are less well defined but still of importance. Diseases for which immunizations are given before disease exposure include tetanus, diphtheria, influenza, rubella, and mumps; travelers to foreign countries may need immunizations against typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, typhus, poliomyelitis, plague, and viral hepatitis; other vaccines are available before disease exposure in unusual epidemiologic situations. After exposure to disease but before onset of symptoms, immunizations are available for rabies, viral hepatitis, and measles. After the onset of clinical illness, passive immunization should be given for tetanus, diphtheria, and botulism. This paper summarizes current practices for active and passive immunization against these diseases in adults.
传统上，免疫规划和免疫程序的重点一直是婴幼儿，因为大多数疫苗可预防疾病主要发生在这些年龄组。成人的免疫程序界定不够明确，但仍然很重要。在接触疾病之前进行免疫接种的疾病包括破伤风、白喉、流感、风疹和腮腺炎；前往国外的旅行者可能需要接种伤寒、霍乱、黄热病、斑疹伤寒、脊髓灰质炎、鼠疫和病毒性肝炎疫苗；在特殊的流行病学情况下，在接触疾病之前也可接种其他疫苗。在接触疾病后但在症状出现之前，可接种狂犬病、病毒性肝炎和麻疹疫苗。临床疾病发作后，应给予破伤风、白喉和肉毒中毒被动免疫。本文总结了成人针对这些疾病进行主动免疫和被动免疫的现行做法。
