Yamanouchi K, Barrett T, Kai C
Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan.
Rev Sci Tech. 1998 Dec;17(3):641-53. doi: 10.20506/rst.17.3.1125.
The marked progress in recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology during the past decade has led to the development of a variety of safe new vaccine vectors which are capable of efficiently expressing foreign immunogens. These have been based on a variety of virus types--poxviruses, herpesviruses and adenoviruses--and have led to the production of many new potential recombinant vaccines. Of these recombinant vaccines, the rabies vaccine, in which the rabies G protein is expressed in a vaccinia vector, has been widely used in the field to prevent the spread of rabies both in Europe and in the United States of America. A recombinant Newcastle disease virus vaccine, using fowlpox virus as the vector to express immunogenic proteins from the Newcastle disease virus, has been licensed as the first commercial recombinant vectored vaccine. Many other recombinant virus vaccines are still at the stage of laboratory or field testing. The most recent breakthrough in vaccinology has been the success with the use of naked DNA as a means of vaccination. This approach has shown great promise in mouse model systems and has now become the most active field in new vaccine development. Molecular redesigning of conventional ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses to obtain more stable attenuated vaccines was previously possible only for positive-strand RNA viruses, such as poliovirus. However, recent advances in molecular biological techniques have enabled the rescuing of negative-strand viruses from DNA copies of their genomes. This has made it possible to engineer specific changes in the genomes of Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae, both of which include several viruses of veterinary importance. The authors describe the current progress in the development of vector vaccines, DNA vaccines and vaccines based on engineered positive- and negative-strand RNA virus genomes, with special emphasis on their application to diseases of veterinary importance.
在过去十年中，重组脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）技术取得了显著进展，促使多种安全的新型疫苗载体得以开发，这些载体能够高效表达外源免疫原。它们基于多种病毒类型——痘病毒、疱疹病毒和腺病毒——并催生了许多新型潜在重组疫苗。在这些重组疫苗中，狂犬病疫苗（其中狂犬病G蛋白在痘苗载体中表达）已在欧洲和美国广泛应用于预防狂犬病传播。一种重组新城疫病毒疫苗，以禽痘病毒为载体表达新城疫病毒的免疫原性蛋白，已获批成为首个商业重组载体疫苗。许多其他重组病毒疫苗仍处于实验室或田间试验阶段。疫苗学的最新突破是成功将裸DNA用作一种疫苗接种手段。这种方法在小鼠模型系统中显示出巨大潜力，现已成为新疫苗研发中最活跃的领域。以往，对传统核糖核酸（RNA）病毒进行分子重新设计以获得更稳定的减毒疫苗，仅对正链RNA病毒（如脊髓灰质炎病毒）可行。然而，分子生物学技术的最新进展使得从基因组DNA拷贝中拯救负链病毒成为可能。这使得对弹状病毒科和副粘病毒科的基因组进行特定改造成为可能，这两个病毒科都包含几种具有兽医重要性的病毒。作者描述了载体疫苗、DNA疫苗以及基于经改造的正链和负链RNA病毒基因组的疫苗的当前研发进展，特别强调了它们在兽医重要疾病中的应用。
