Kanas N
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center 94121, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1998 Dec;69(12):1211-6.
As we move into the next Millennium, increasing numbers of people will travel into space. Psychological screening methods will be relaxed on near-Earth missions, such as might occur on a space station or a lunar colony. Crewmembers on interplanetary missions such as a trip to Mars will have to deal with psychiatric problems themselves with no possibility of evacuating an affected individual. For these reasons, it is important for support personnel on Earth and crewmembers in space to be knowledgeable about psychiatric difficulties that might occur and their appropriate treatments.
Anecdotal reports from long duration manned space missions and studies from space analog environments on Earth were reviewed for information concerning these issues.
Psychiatric problems pertinent to the space environment include adjustment and psychosomatic reactions, asthenia, mood and thought disorders, and post-mission personality changes and family problems. Counter-measures to ameliorate these difficulties involve pre-launch selection and training; monitoring, support, and counseling/psychotherapy during the mission; and post-return debriefings with crew members and their families. Psychoactive medications have been useful during space missions, although unclear pharmacokinetic issues related to microgravity need to be taken into account.
Although much is known about psychiatric issues related to long duration manned space travel, more empirical work needs to be done during actual space missions.
随着我们迈入下一个千年，进入太空的人数将不断增加。在近地任务中，比如在空间站或月球殖民地可能出现的任务中，心理筛查方法将会放宽。而执行星际任务（如前往火星之旅）的宇航员将不得不自行应对精神问题，因为不可能撤离受影响的人员。出于这些原因，地球上的支持人员和太空中的宇航员了解可能出现的精神问题及其适当治疗方法非常重要。
对长期载人太空任务的轶事报告以及地球上太空模拟环境的研究进行了审查，以获取有关这些问题的信息。
与太空环境相关的精神问题包括适应和身心反应、乏力、情绪和思维障碍，以及任务后人格变化和家庭问题。改善这些困难的对策包括发射前的选拔和培训；任务期间的监测、支持和咨询/心理治疗；以及返回后与宇航员及其家人的情况汇报。精神活性药物在太空任务中很有用，尽管需要考虑与微重力相关的尚不清楚的药代动力学问题。
尽管我们对与长期载人太空旅行相关的精神问题了解很多，但在实际太空任务中仍需要开展更多实证研究工作。
