Reiner A, Medina L, Veenman C L
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee-Memphis, 855 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163,
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1998 Dec;28(3):235-85. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00016-2.
While a basal ganglia with striatal and pallidal subdivisions is 1 clearly present in many extant anamniote species, this basal ganglia is cell sparse and receives only a relatively modest tegmental dopaminergic input and little if any cortical input. The major basal ganglia influence on motor functions in anamniotes appears to be exerted via output circuits to the tectum. In contrast, in modern mammals, birds, and reptiles (i.e., modern amniotes), the striatal and pallidal parts of the basal ganglia are very neuron-rich, both consist of the same basic populations of neurons in all amniotes, and the striatum receives abundant tegmental dopaminergic and cortical input. The functional circuitry of the basal ganglia also seems very similar in all amniotes, since the major basal ganglia influences on motor functions appear to be exerted via output circuits to both cerebral cortex and tectum in sauropsids (i.e., birds and reptiles) and mammals. The basal ganglia, output circuits to the cortex, however, appear to be considerably more developed in mammals than in birds and reptiles. The basal ganglia, thus, appears to have undergone a major elaboration during the evolutionary transition from amphibians to reptiles. This elaboration may have enabled amniotes to learn and/or execute a more sophisticated repertoire of behaviors and movements, and this ability may have been an important element of the successful adaptation of amniotes to a fully terrestrial habitat. The mammalian lineage appears, however, to have diverged somewhat from the sauropsid lineage with respect to the emergence of the cerebral cortex as the major target of the basal ganglia circuitry devoted to executing the basal ganglia-mediated control of movement.
虽然在许多现存的无羊膜动物物种中，明显存在具有纹状体和苍白球亚区的基底神经节，但这个基底神经节细胞稀少，仅接受相对适度的被盖多巴胺能输入，几乎没有（如果有的话）皮质输入。无羊膜动物中基底神经节对运动功能的主要影响似乎是通过输出回路作用于中脑顶盖。相比之下，在现代哺乳动物、鸟类和爬行动物（即现代羊膜动物）中，基底神经节的纹状体和苍白球部分神经元非常丰富，在所有羊膜动物中都由相同的基本神经元群体组成，并且纹状体接受丰富的被盖多巴胺能和皮质输入。在所有羊膜动物中，基底神经节的功能回路似乎也非常相似，因为在蜥形纲动物（即鸟类和爬行动物）和哺乳动物中，基底神经节对运动功能的主要影响似乎是通过输出回路作用于大脑皮质和中脑顶盖。然而，基底神经节到皮质的输出回路在哺乳动物中似乎比在鸟类和爬行动物中发达得多。因此，基底神经节在从两栖动物到爬行动物的进化过渡过程中似乎经历了重大的进化。这种进化可能使羊膜动物能够学习和/或执行更复杂的行为和运动模式，而这种能力可能是羊膜动物成功适应完全陆地栖息地的一个重要因素。然而，就大脑皮质作为基底神经节回路执行基底神经节介导的运动控制的主要目标的出现而言，哺乳动物谱系似乎与蜥形纲动物谱系有所不同。
