Stewart T L, Doan K A, Gingrich B E, Smith E R
Department of Psychology, Bard College, Annandaleon-Hudson, New York 12504, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998 Nov;75(5):1132-54. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1132.
Three experiments identified conditions under which trait judgments made about a behavior were more likely to influence later judgments of the behavior. In Experiment 1, participants made trait judgments about numerous behaviors presented with photos of actors. Some behaviors were repeated, paired with the same or a different actor. All repeated behaviors were judged faster than new behaviors. Facilitation was greatest when repeated behaviors were paired with the same actor, suggesting greater influence of prior judgments in this condition. Experiments 2 and 3 replicated this effect, and the pattern of response times (RTs) suggested a stronger association between the actor and behavior when a prior impression of the actor had been formed (Experiment 2) and when the behavior was stereotypic of the actor's group (Experiment 3). Level of prejudice moderated RT patterns in Experiment 3. Implications for context effects, the nature of trait inferences, and stereotype change are discussed.
三项实验确定了一些条件，在这些条件下，对一种行为做出的特质判断更有可能影响后来对该行为的判断。在实验1中，参与者对与演员照片一起呈现的众多行为做出特质判断。一些行为被重复呈现，与同一个或不同的演员配对。所有重复行为的判断速度都比新行为快。当重复行为与同一个演员配对时，促进作用最大，这表明在这种情况下先前判断的影响更大。实验2和实验3重复了这一效应，反应时间（RTs）模式表明，当形成了对演员的先前印象时（实验2）以及当行为是演员所属群体的刻板印象时（实验3），演员与行为之间的关联更强。偏见程度在实验3中调节了反应时间模式。讨论了对情境效应、特质推断的性质和刻板印象变化的影响。
