Wyer R S, Budesheim T L
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jul;53(1):14-29. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.53.1.14.
Subjects read a series of behaviors with instructions to form an impression of the person who performed them. In some conditions, subjects were told after reading the behaviors that an administrative error had been made and that certain ones should be disregarded. If the behaviors that subjects were told to disregard were descriptively unrelated to the other behaviors in the series, their influence on trait judgments was greatest when they were presented last. If the behaviors to be disregarded were descriptively inconsistent with the remaining behaviors, their influence was greatest when they were first in the series but subjects were not told to ignore them until after the remaining ones were presented. If the to-be-disregarded behaviors implied the same trait as the remaining ones, they had an influence on trait judgments in both of these conditions. All of these effects were consistently greater when the trait implied by the behaviors to be disregarded was favorable. In fact, when behaviors implied an unfavorable trait, instructions to disregard them often led the behaviors to have a contrast effect on trait judgments. Subjects appeared to base their judgments on implications of the cognitive representations they formed of the person at the time information was first presented. They then adjusted these subjective judgments at the time they reported them to compensate for the influence they perceived the to-be-disregarded information to have, making relatively greater adjustments when this information was unfavorable than when it was favorable. An additional experiment provided further evidence of adjustment processes, but it indicated that subjects also base their judgments on a partial review of the information they have received. A general model of person memory and judgment proposed by Wyer and Unverzagt (1985) provided a satisfactory account of the results of these studies.
受试者阅读一系列行为描述，并按照要求对做出这些行为的人形成印象。在某些情况下，受试者在阅读完这些行为描述后被告知出现了行政错误，某些行为描述应被忽略。如果受试者被告知要忽略的行为描述与系列中的其他行为在描述上不相关，那么当这些行为描述最后呈现时，它们对特质判断的影响最大。如果要忽略的行为描述与其余行为在描述上不一致，那么当它们在系列中最先呈现，但直到其余行为呈现之后才告知受试者忽略它们时，其影响最大。如果要忽略的行为暗示的特质与其余行为相同，那么在这两种情况下它们都会对特质判断产生影响。当要忽略的行为所暗示的特质是积极的时候，所有这些影响始终更大。事实上，当行为暗示消极特质时，忽略这些行为的指示往往会使这些行为对特质判断产生对比效应。受试者似乎根据他们在首次呈现信息时对该人的认知表征的暗示来做出判断。然后，他们在报告判断时调整这些主观判断，以补偿他们认为要忽略的信息所产生的影响，当该信息是消极的时候比是积极的时候做出相对更大的调整。另一个实验提供了调整过程的进一步证据，但它表明受试者也根据他们所接收信息的部分回顾来做出判断。怀尔和昂弗扎格特（1985）提出的一个关于人物记忆和判断的通用模型对这些研究的结果提供了令人满意的解释。
