Zeppetella G
Royal Hospitals NHS Trust, London, England.
Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 1998 Nov-Dec;15(6):322-30. doi: 10.1177/104990919801500606.
Dyspnea is a complex subjective experience that is common in terminal illness. Patients may present at any time during the course of their illness, although prevalence increases with disease progression. Dyspnea has physical, psychological, social and spiritual components; without recognizing how each of these contributes to the total suffering of dyspnea, management is unlikely to be successful. The management of dyspnea involves both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. The main pharmacological palliative treatments are oxygen, opioids, and benzodiazepines, but the evidence to support these treatments is limited. More research is urgently needed to establish the efficacy of current treatments and to identify new ones.
呼吸困难是一种复杂的主观体验，在晚期疾病中很常见。患者在疾病过程中的任何时候都可能出现，尽管患病率会随着疾病进展而增加。呼吸困难具有生理、心理、社会和精神层面；如果不认识到这些层面如何共同导致呼吸困难带来的整体痛苦，治疗就不太可能成功。呼吸困难的治疗包括药物治疗和非药物治疗。主要的药物姑息治疗方法是吸氧、使用阿片类药物和苯二氮䓬类药物，但支持这些治疗方法的证据有限。迫切需要更多研究来确定现有治疗方法的疗效并寻找新的治疗方法。
