Zucker K J, Bradley S J
Child and Adolescent Gender Identity Clinic, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario.
Can J Psychiatry. 1998 Dec;43(10):1040-3. doi: 10.1177/070674379804301011.
To test the hypothesis that adoptees are overrepresented among a sample of clinic-referred boys with gender identity problems (N = 238). To compare the adoptees and nonadoptees on demographic, behaviour problem, and gender-typed measures.
The percentage of clinic-referred boys with gender identity problems adopted in the first 2 years of life ("early adoptees") was compared to the base rate of boys adopted in Ontario. Parent-report and behavioural measures were used to compare the early adoptees with "late adoptees" (adopted after the second year of life) and nonadoptees.
The percentage of boys with gender identity problems who were early adoptees (7.6%) was significantly higher than the base rate of males adopted in Ontario in the first 2 years of life (1.5%). Both the early and late adoptees were significantly less intelligent than the nonadoptees. The early adoptees also had significantly higher externalizing T scores on the Child Behavior Checklist than did the late adoptees and the nonadoptees. The 3 groups did not differ in the percentage who met the complete Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria for gender identity disorder and on 4 other measures of gender-typed behaviour.
Adoptees are overrepresented among clinic-referred boys with gender identity problems. The reasons for this finding are not clear but may be accounted for by general risk factors that increase the likelihood of clinical referral or by psychosocial and biological factors associated with adoption.
检验以下假设，即在一组前来诊所就诊的有性别认同问题的男孩样本（N = 238）中，领养儿童的比例过高。比较领养儿童和非领养儿童在人口统计学、行为问题和性别类型测量方面的情况。
将在生命的头两年被领养的前来诊所就诊的有性别认同问题的男孩（“早期领养者”）的比例与安大略省被领养男孩的基础比例进行比较。采用家长报告和行为测量方法，将早期领养者与“晚期领养者”（在两岁以后被领养）和非领养者进行比较。
有性别认同问题的早期领养男孩的比例（7.6%）显著高于安大略省在生命头两年被领养男性的基础比例（1.5%）。早期和晚期领养者的智力均显著低于非领养者。早期领养者在儿童行为清单上的外化T分数也显著高于晚期领养者和非领养者。在符合《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（DSM）中性别认同障碍完整标准的比例以及其他4项性别类型行为测量方面，这三组没有差异。
在前来诊所就诊的有性别认同问题的男孩中，领养儿童的比例过高。这一发现的原因尚不清楚，但可能是由增加临床转诊可能性的一般风险因素，或与领养相关的心理社会和生物学因素导致的。
