Kim B S, Margolin B H
Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South
Mutat Res. 1999 Jan;436(1):113-22. doi: 10.1016/s1383-5742(98)00025-8.
The Ames Salmonella assay remains the most widely used in vitro genotoxicity assay. Several statistical methods have been proposed for its analysis [B.H. Margolin, N. Kaplan, E. Zeiger, Statistical analysis of the Ames Salmonella/microsome test, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 78 (1981) 3779-3783; L.E. Myers, N.H. Saxton, L.I. Southerland, T.J. Wolff, Regression analysis of Ames test data, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 3 (1981) 575-586; A.G. Stead, V. Hasselblad, J.P. Creason, L. Claxton, Modelling the Ames test, Mutation Res., 85 (1981) 13-27; L. Bernstein, J. Kaldor, J. McCaan, M.C. Pike, An empirical approach to the statistical analysis of mutagenesis data from the Salmonella test, Mutation Res., 97 (1982) 267-281; N.E. Breslow, Extra-Poisson variation in log-linear models, Appl. Stat., 33 (1984) 38-44; J. Wahrendorf, G.A.T. Mahon, M. Schumacher, A nonparametric approach to the statistical analysis of mutagenicity data, Mutation Res., 147 (1985) 5-13; D.G. Simpson, B.H. Margolin, Recursive nonparametric testing for dose-response relationships subject to downturns at high doses, Biometrika, 73 (1986) 589-596; D.G. Simpson, B.H. Margolin, Nonparametric testing for dose-response curves subject to downturns: Asymptotic power considerations, Annals Stat., 18 (1990) 373-390.]. In this paper we review recent literature to see what statistical methods are in fact employed for the analysis of the Ames assay. We then note that these methods can be classified into a common category in the framework of Haynes and Eckardt's mutation induction kinetics model [R.H. Haynes, F. Eckardt, Mathematical analysis of mutation induction kinetics, in: F.J. de Serres, A. Hollaender (Eds. ), Chemical Mutagens, Principles and Methods for Their Detection, Vol. 6, Plenum, New York, 1980, pp. 271-307]. The value in knowing this is that most methods of analysis considered here will likely exhibit common statistical behavior. These analyses are computationally intensive, e.g., [B.H. Margolin, N. Kaplan, E. Zeiger, Statistical analysis of the Ames Salmonella/microsome test, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 78 (1981) 3779-3783], hence the ready availability of computer programs is essential if biologists are to use these methods. We briefly review two statistical software programs that are available in the public domain, and describe in detail a third program, Salm, [B.H. Margolin, N. Kaplan, E. Zeiger, Statistical analysis of the Ames Salmonella/microsome test, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 78 (1981) 3779-3783; B.H. Margolin, B.S. Kim, K. Risko, The Ames Salmonella/microsome assay: Issues of inference and validation, J. Amer. Stat. Assoc., 84 (1989) 651-661]. The Salm program is obtainable through the file transfer protocol (ftp) or using a WWW browser. Finally, we discuss two statistical consequences of naively applying the two-fold rule, a method of analysis employed by a number of researchers.
艾姆斯沙门氏菌试验仍然是最广泛使用的体外遗传毒性试验。已经提出了几种统计方法用于其分析[B.H. 马戈林、N. 卡普兰、E. 蔡格,艾姆斯沙门氏菌/微粒体试验的统计分析,《美国国家科学院院刊》,78 (1981) 3779 - 3783;L.E. 迈尔斯、N.H. 萨克斯顿、L.I. 萨瑟兰、T.J. 沃尔夫,艾姆斯试验数据的回归分析,《环境与分子突变》,3 (1981) 575 - 586;A.G. 斯特德、V. 哈塞尔布拉德、J.P. 克里森、L. 克拉克斯顿,艾姆斯试验建模,《突变研究》,85 (1981) 13 - 27;L. 伯恩斯坦、J. 卡尔多、J. 麦凯恩、M.C. 派克,一种对沙门氏菌试验诱变数据进行统计分析的经验方法,《突变研究》,97 (1982) 267 - 281;N.E. 布雷斯洛,对数线性模型中的超泊松变异,《应用统计学》,33 (1984) 38 - 44;J. 瓦尔伦多夫、G.A.T. 马洪、M. 舒马赫,一种对诱变性数据进行统计分析的非参数方法,《突变研究》,147 (1985) 5 - 13;D.G. 辛普森、B.H. 马戈林,对高剂量时出现下降的剂量 - 反应关系进行递归非参数检验,《生物统计学》,73 (1986) 589 - 596;D.G. 辛普森、B.H. 马戈林,对出现下降的剂量 - 反应曲线进行非参数检验:渐近功效考量,《统计学年鉴》,18 (1990) 373 - 390]。在本文中,我们回顾近期文献,看看实际用于艾姆斯试验分析的是哪些统计方法。然后我们注意到,在海恩斯和埃卡特的突变诱导动力学模型框架内,这些方法可归为同一类[R.H. 海恩斯、F. 埃卡特,突变诱导动力学的数学分析,载于:F.J. 德塞雷斯、A. 霍拉德纳(编),《化学诱变剂,其检测原理与方法》,第6卷,普伦出版社,纽约,1980,第271 - 307页]。了解这一点的价值在于,这里考虑的大多数分析方法可能会表现出共同的统计行为。这些分析计算量很大,例如[B.H. 马戈林、N. 卡普兰、E. 蔡格,艾姆斯沙门氏菌/微粒体试验的统计分析,《美国国家科学院院刊》,78 (1981) 3779 - 3783],因此,如果生物学家要使用这些方法,计算机程序的随时可用至关重要。我们简要回顾了两个公共领域可用的统计软件程序,并详细描述了第三个程序Salm,[B.H. 马戈林、N. 卡普兰、E. 蔡格,艾姆斯沙门氏菌/微粒体试验的统计分析,《美国国家科学院院刊》,78 (1981) 3779 - 3783;B.H. 马戈林、B.S. 金、K. 里斯科,艾姆斯沙门氏菌/微粒体试验:推断与验证问题,《美国统计协会杂志》,84 (1989) 651 - 661]。Salm程序可通过文件传输协议(ftp)或使用万维网浏览器获取。最后,我们讨论了一些研究人员采用的一种分析方法——两倍规则的天真应用所带来的两个统计结果。