The concept of adaptation: examining alternatives for the study of nursing phenomena.

Clients' adaptation is frequently studied in nursing and used to guide nursing practice. Many nurse authors have suggested that adaptation may be a unique conceptual framework for nursing. Other nurse authors have suggested, however, that in focusing on adaptation, nursing limits its focus to changing clients to fit the environment and neglects to change the social system or environment to meet clients' needs. The purpose of this article is to argue that adaptation theory limits the range of clients' acceptable responses to change. Adaptation theory assumes clients are responsible for adjusting to the norms or standards established by a relatively immutable environment. An alternate set of assumptions broadens the range of acceptable responses by clients and targets the environment for change. On the basis of these assumptions, directives are given for nursing research aimed at studying clients' responses to change.