Mitacek E J, Brunnemann K D, Hoffmann D, Limsila T, Suttajit M, Martin N, Caplan L S
Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794-8036, USA.
Carcinogenesis. 1999 Jan;20(1):133-7. doi: 10.1093/carcin/20.1.133.
In Thailand, smoking of commercial cigarettes and of handmade cigarettes has drastically increased in recent decades. Cancer of the lung and of the upper aero-digestive tract have also increased in Thailand as they have in many other countries. It is our working hypothesis that the increase of primary cancer of the liver, especially of cholangiocarcinoma in the north-eastern provinces of Thailand is associated with the use of tobacco in men infested with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (OV). Bioassays have shown that volatile nitrosamines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines induce cholangiocarcinoma in laboratory animals and that the hepatocarcinogenic action of nitrosodimethylamine in hamsters is significantly increased by infestation with the liver fluke OV. The endogenous formation of nitrosamines is significantly increased by OV infestation. This report presents analytical data on the concentration of volatile nitrosamines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke of nine leading brands of commercially produced Thai cigarettes which represent approximately 85% of the market share in Thailand. Observed ranges (ng/cigarette) were 8.5-31.9 for nitrosodimethylamine, 8.8-49.6 for nitrosopyrrolidine and 4.2-18.9 for nitrosodi-n-butylamine. These values are exceptionally high compared with the smoke of light and blended cigarettes from North America and Western Europe. Among the tobacco-specific nitrosamines, the range was 28-730 for nitrosonornicotine and 16-370 for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. There was a correlation between volatile and tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and tar and nicotine deliveries in the mainstream smoke. The analytical data are in line with the rate for lung cancer and support our working hypothesis that nitrosamines, and especially the tobacco-specific nitrosamines, are associated with the increased risk for primary liver cancer among those Thai people who smoke cigarettes and also carry OV infestation.
在泰国，近几十年来，商业卷烟和手工卷烟的吸烟率急剧上升。与许多其他国家一样，泰国的肺癌和上呼吸道消化道癌症也有所增加。我们的工作假设是，泰国东北部省份原发性肝癌尤其是胆管癌的增加与感染华支睾吸虫（OV）的男性使用烟草有关。生物测定表明，挥发性亚硝胺和烟草特异性亚硝胺可在实验动物中诱发胆管癌，并且感染肝吸虫OV可显著增加亚硝基二甲胺在仓鼠中的致癌作用。肝吸虫感染会显著增加亚硝胺的内源性形成。本报告提供了泰国市场上占约85%份额的九个主要商业品牌卷烟主流烟雾中挥发性亚硝胺和烟草特异性亚硝胺浓度的分析数据。观察到的范围（每支香烟中的纳克数）为：亚硝基二甲胺8.5 - 31.9、亚硝基吡咯烷8.8 - 49.6、亚硝基二正丁胺4.2 - 18.9。与北美和西欧的淡味香烟和混合型香烟烟雾相比，这些值异常之高。在烟草特异性亚硝胺中，亚硝基去甲烟碱的范围为28 - 730，4-（甲基亚硝胺基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁酮的范围为16 - 370。主流烟雾中的挥发性亚硝胺和烟草特异性亚硝胺与焦油和尼古丁释放量之间存在相关性。分析数据与肺癌发病率相符，并支持我们的工作假设，即亚硝胺，尤其是烟草特异性亚硝胺，与吸烟且感染OV的泰国人原发性肝癌风险增加有关。
