Falvo MR, Clary G, Helser A, Paulson S, Taylor RM, Chi V, Brooks FP, Washburn S, Superfine R
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255
Microsc Microanal. 1998 Sep;4(5):504-512. doi: 10.1017/s1431927698980485.
: In many cases in experimental science, the instrument interface becomes a limiting factor in the efficacy of carrying out unusual experiments or prevents the complete understanding of the acquired data. We have developed an advanced interface for scanning probe microscopy (SPM) that allows intuitive rendering of data sets and natural instrument control, all in real time. The interface, called the nanoManipulator, combines a high-performance graphics engine for real-time data rendering with a haptic interface that places the human operator directly into the feedback loop that controls surface manipulations. Using a hand-held stylus, the operator moves the stylus laterally, directing the movement of the SPM tip across the sample. The haptic interface enables the user to "feel" the surface by forcing the stylus to move up and down in response to the surface topography. In this way the user understands the immediate location of the tip on the sample and can quickly and precisely maneuver nanometer-scale objects. We have applied this interface to studies of the mechanical properties of nanotubes and to substrate-nanotube interactions. The mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated to be extraordinary. They have an elastic modulus rivaling that of the stiffest material known, diamond, while maintaining a remarkable resistance to fracture. We have used atomic-force microscopy (AFM) to manipulate the nanotubes through a series of configuration that reveal buckling behavior and high-strain resilience. Nanotubes also serve as test objects for nanometer-scale contact mechanics. We have found that nanotubes will roll under certain conditions. This has been determined through changes in the images and through the acquisition of lateral force during manipulation. The lateral force data show periodic stick-slip behavior with a periodicity matching the perimeter of the nanotube.
在实验科学的许多情况下，仪器界面成为进行非常规实验效率的限制因素，或者妨碍对所获取数据的全面理解。我们开发了一种用于扫描探针显微镜（SPM）的先进界面，它能够实时直观地呈现数据集并实现自然的仪器控制。该界面称为纳米操纵器，它将用于实时数据呈现的高性能图形引擎与触觉界面相结合，使人类操作员直接进入控制表面操纵的反馈回路。操作员使用手持触控笔横向移动触控笔，从而引导扫描探针显微镜的针尖在样品上移动。触觉界面通过迫使触控笔根据表面形貌上下移动，让用户能够“感受”表面。通过这种方式，用户了解针尖在样品上的即时位置，并能够快速精确地操纵纳米级物体。我们已将此界面应用于纳米管力学性能以及基底 - 纳米管相互作用的研究。碳纳米管的力学性能已被证明非常出色。它们的弹性模量可与已知最硬的材料钻石相媲美，同时保持显著的抗断裂能力。我们使用原子力显微镜（AFM）通过一系列揭示屈曲行为和高应变恢复力的构型来操纵纳米管。纳米管还用作纳米级接触力学的测试对象。我们发现纳米管在某些条件下会滚动。这已通过图像变化以及操纵过程中横向力的获取得以确定。横向力数据显示出周期性的粘滑行为，其周期与纳米管的周长相匹配。
