Lockwood P, Kunda Z
Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999 Feb;76(2):214-28. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.214.
The accessibility of people's highest hopes and achievements can affect their reactions to upward comparisons. Three studies showed that, under normal circumstances, individuals were inspired by an outstanding role model; their motivation and self-evaluations were enhanced. However, when their most positive self-views were temporarily or chronically activated, inspiration was undermined, and individuals' motivation and self-evaluations tended to decrease. Another study found that role models inspired participants to generate more spectacular hopes and achievements than they would have generated otherwise. It appears that increasing the accessibility of one's best selves undercuts inspiration because it constrains the positivity of the future selves one may imagine and prevents one from generating the more spectacular future selves that the role model normally inspires.
人们最高期望和成就的可及性会影响他们对向上比较的反应。三项研究表明，在正常情况下，个体受到杰出榜样的激励；他们的动机和自我评价得到提升。然而，当他们最积极的自我认知被暂时或长期激活时，激励作用就会受到削弱，个体的动机和自我评价往往会下降。另一项研究发现，榜样能激发参与者产生比原本更多的非凡期望和成就。看来，提高自身最佳状态的可及性会削弱激励作用，因为它限制了人们可能想象的未来自我的积极性，阻碍人们产生榜样通常所激发的更非凡的未来自我形象。
