Probst TM, Carnevale PJ, Triandis HC
Washington State University
Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1999 Mar;77(3):171-191. doi: 10.1006/obhd.1999.2822.
Do cultural values influence the manner in which people cooperate with one another? This study assessed cultural characteristics of individuals and then related these characteristics to cooperative behavior in social dilemmas. Participants were assessed for their degree of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism, cultural values identified by Triandis (1995). They made choices in either a single-group or an intergroup social dilemma. The single-group dilemma entailed a three-person dilemma; the intergroup dilemma was identical but added subgroup competition, i.e., an opposing three-person group. The results indicated an interaction between cultural characteristics and type of dilemma for cooperation. The single-group versus intergroup effect reported by Bornstein and Ben-Yossef (1994) was replicated, but only for vertical individualists. The vertical individualists were least cooperative in the single-group dilemma but were more cooperative in the intergroup dilemma-where cooperation with the group maximized personal outcomes. The vertical collectivists were most cooperative in the single-group dilemma but were less cooperative in the intergroup dilemma- where group defection resulted in maximum group outcomes. The horizontal individualists and collectivists exhibited an intermediate level of cooperation, with no differences in cooperation between the single-group and intergroup dilemmas. Taken together, the results suggest that the relationship between cultural values and cooperation, in particular with reference to vertical and horizontal components of individualism and collectivism, is more complex than has been suggested in past research. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
文化价值观会影响人们彼此合作的方式吗？本研究评估了个体的文化特征，然后将这些特征与社会困境中的合作行为联系起来。参与者被评估其垂直和水平个人主义及集体主义的程度，这些是Triandis（1995年）确定的文化价值观。他们在单组或组间社会困境中做出选择。单组困境是一个三人困境；组间困境相同，但增加了子群体竞争，即一个对立的三人组。结果表明文化特征与合作困境类型之间存在相互作用。Bornstein和Ben-Yossef（1994年）报告的单组与组间效应得到了重复，但仅适用于垂直个人主义者。垂直个人主义者在单组困境中最不合作，但在组间困境中更合作——在组间困境中与群体合作能使个人结果最大化。垂直集体主义者在单组困境中最合作，但在组间困境中合作较少——在组间困境中群体背叛会导致群体结果最大化。水平个人主义者和集体主义者表现出中等水平的合作，单组和组间困境中的合作没有差异。总体而言，结果表明文化价值观与合作之间的关系，特别是涉及个人主义和集体主义的垂直和水平成分，比过去研究中所表明的更为复杂。版权所有1999年学术出版社。
