Abrams J I, Pretto E A, Angus D, Safar P
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pa, USA.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 1993 Apr-Jun;8(2):151-6. doi: 10.1017/s1049023x0004022x.
The fundamental goal of emergency medical response in disaster is to save lives and reduce injury and permanent disability. It has been observed that urgent emergency medical care of seriously injured earthquake casualties trapped under building rubble, cannot be provided unless the victims have been extricated and transported to medical facilities by friends or relatives, or are accessible to field rescue and medical teams. Equally important is the fact that extrication of seriously injured, trapped victims by laypersons is hazardous, unless the following conditions are met: 1) the rescuer has basic knowledge of extrication, and; 2) there is early application of effective life-supporting first-aid (LSFA) and/or advanced trauma life support (ATLS) at the scene. Time is the critical factor in such an effort. In previous studies of death and dying in earthquakes, it was noted that extrication of trapped victims will be attempted by survivors. Therefore, it is suggested that citizens living in regions of high seismic risk and trained in basic search and rescue and in LSFA are the most immediate resource for early response after an earthquake. An accompanying paper addresses the issue of citizen LSFA training. This paper focuses on the basic concepts of search and rescue training for the lay public.
灾难中紧急医疗救援的根本目标是挽救生命、减少伤害和永久性残疾。据观察，除非被困在建筑物废墟下的严重受伤地震遇难者已被朋友或亲属救出并送往医疗设施，或者能够被现场救援和医疗队接触到，否则无法提供紧急医疗护理。同样重要的是，除非满足以下条件，非专业人员营救严重受伤的被困受害者是危险的：1）救援人员具备基本的营救知识；2）现场能尽早实施有效的生命支持急救（LSFA）和/或高级创伤生命支持（ATLS）。时间是这项工作的关键因素。在以往关于地震中死亡和濒死情况的研究中，注意到幸存者会尝试营救被困受害者。因此，建议生活在高地震风险地区且接受过基本搜救和生命支持急救培训的公民是地震后早期响应的最直接资源。一篇配套论文探讨了公民生命支持急救培训问题。本文重点关注非专业公众的搜救培训基本概念。
