Angus D C, Pretto E A, Abrams J I, Safar P
University of Pittsburgh, Pa, USA.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 1993 Apr-Jun;8(2):157-60. doi: 10.1017/s1049023x00040231.
In catastrophic disasters such as major earthquakes in densely populated regions, effective Life-Supporting First-Aid (LSFA) and basic rescue can be administered to the injured by previously trained, uninjured survivors (co-victims). Administration of LSFA immediately after disaster strikes can add to the overall medical response and help to diminish the morbidity and mortality that result from these events. Widespread training of the lay public also may improve bystander responses in everyday emergencies. However, for this scheme to be effective, a significant percentage of the lay population must learn in eight basic steps of LSFA. These have been developed by the International Resuscitation Research Center in collaboration with the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, the City of Pittsburgh Department of Public Safety, and the American Red Cross (Pennsylvania chapter). They include: 1) scene survey; 2) airway control; 3) rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth); 4) circulation (chest compressions; may be omitted for disasters, but should be retained for everyday bystander response); 5) abdominal thrusts for choking (may be omitted for disasters, but retained for everyday bystander response); 6) control of external bleeding; 7) positioning for shock; and 8) call for help.
在人口密集地区发生重大地震等灾难性灾害时，经过预先培训的未受伤幸存者（共同受灾者）可以对伤者实施有效的生命支持急救（LSFA）和基本救援。灾害发生后立即实施生命支持急救可以增强整体医疗应对能力，并有助于降低这些事件导致的发病率和死亡率。对普通民众进行广泛培训也可能会改善日常紧急情况下旁观者的反应。然而，要使该方案有效，很大比例的普通民众必须学习生命支持急救的八个基本步骤。这些步骤是由国际复苏研究中心与世界紧急与灾难医学协会、匹兹堡市公共安全部以及美国红十字会（宾夕法尼亚分会）合作制定的。它们包括：1）现场勘查；2）气道控制；3）人工呼吸（口对口）；4）循环（胸外按压；在灾害情况下可省略，但在日常旁观者反应中应保留）；5）针对窒息的腹部冲击法（在灾害情况下可省略，但在日常旁观者反应中应保留）；6）控制外部出血；7）休克体位；8）呼救。
