Håstein T, Hill B J, Winton J R
National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
Rev Sci Tech. 1999 Apr;18(1):214-27. doi: 10.20506/rst.18.1.1161.
The authors provide examples of emergency programmes which have been successful in eradicating or controlling certain diseases of aquatic animals. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part describes the initial isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) virus in North America in the autumn of 1988 from feral adult chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) returning for spawning. The fish disease control policies at both State and Federal levels in the United States of America required quarantine and emergency eradication measures upon the finding of certain exotic fish pathogens, including VHS virus. The procedures for emergency plans, destruction of stocks and disinfection of facilities are described, as well as challenge experiments with the North American strains of VHS virus and the detection of the virus in marine fish species (cod [Gadus macrocephalus] and herring [Clupea harengus pallasi]) in the Pacific Ocean. The second part of the paper outlines the aquatic animal legislation in Great Britain and within the European Union, in regard to contingency plans, initial investigations, action on the suspicion of notifiable disease and action on confirmation of infection. The legal description is followed by an account of an outbreak of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in Great Britain, including the stamping-out process at the affected farm and investigations conducted to screen other farms in the vicinity for possible infection. The third part provides a historical review of the build-up of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) in Norway and the attempts to control the disease using legal measures in the absence of detailed knowledge of the aetiology, epizootiology, pathogenesis, etc. of the disease. The measures taken show that the spread of ISA can be controlled using restrictions on the movement of fish, disinfection procedures, etc. However, acceptance and understanding of the chosen strategy by the fish farmers is a pre-requisite to reach that goal. Finally, the paper summarises future needs for national and international legislation, including the development of standard approaches for control, the creation of appropriate infrastructures and a better understanding of the epidemiology of aquatic animal diseases.
作者列举了一些成功根除或控制某些水生动物疾病的应急计划实例。本文分为四个部分。第一部分描述了1988年秋季在北美首次从洄游产卵的野生成年奇努克鲑（Oncorhynchus tshawytscha）和银大麻哈鱼（O. kisutch）中分离出病毒性出血性败血症（VHS）病毒的情况。美国州和联邦层面的鱼类疾病控制政策要求，一旦发现包括VHS病毒在内的某些外来鱼类病原体，需采取检疫和紧急根除措施。文中描述了应急计划、销毁库存及设施消毒的程序，以及用北美VHS病毒株进行的攻毒试验和在太平洋海洋鱼类物种（太平洋鳕鱼[Gadus macrocephalus]和太平洋鲱[Clupea harengus pallasi]）中检测该病毒的情况。本文第二部分概述了英国及欧盟关于应急计划、初步调查、疑似应通报疾病的行动以及确诊感染后的行动的水生动物立法。在法律描述之后，介绍了英国大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）爆发病毒性出血性败血症的情况，包括在受影响养殖场的扑杀过程以及为筛查附近其他养殖场是否可能感染而进行的调查。第三部分对挪威传染性鲑鱼贫血（ISA）的发病情况进行了历史回顾，以及在缺乏对该疾病的病因、流行病学、发病机制等详细了解的情况下，尝试使用法律措施控制该疾病的情况。所采取的措施表明，通过限制鱼类流动、消毒程序等可以控制ISA的传播。然而，养鱼户对所选策略的接受和理解是实现这一目标的先决条件。最后，本文总结了国家和国际立法未来的需求，包括制定控制的标准方法、建立适当的基础设施以及更好地了解水生动物疾病的流行病学。
