Hill S Y, Lowers L, Locke J, Snidman N, Kagan J
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, USA.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;38(4):410-7. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199904000-00013.
To determine whether children at risk for the development of adult alcohol dependence would show greater "behavioral inhibition" to the unfamiliar, an early childhood temperament characteristic.
One hundred peer play evaluations were conducted blindly with preschool children from families selected to be at high or low risk for developing alcohol dependence. Each child was paired with different children (same-sex pairs) in independent sessions to determine the stability of the behavioral response.
High-risk children spent significantly more time staring at the other child during the peer play session while refraining from engaging in play, and significantly less time speaking to the other child. Significantly more time was spent proximal to the parent, but only on the first peer play session. These behaviors have been shown to be indicators of behavioral inhibition.
These findings suggest that the presence of behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar in childhood may be a risk factor for later development of alcohol dependence. While there is abundant evidence that childhood externalizing behaviors are risk factors for later development of substance dependence, the present results suggest that internalizing behaviors may be a pathway as well.
确定有发展成成人酒精依赖风险的儿童是否会对不熟悉的事物表现出更强的“行为抑制”，这是一种幼儿期的气质特征。
对来自被选为酒精依赖高风险或低风险家庭的学龄前儿童进行了100次盲法同伴游戏评估。每个孩子在独立的环节中与不同的孩子（同性配对）配对，以确定行为反应的稳定性。
高风险儿童在同伴游戏环节中盯着其他孩子而不参与游戏的时间明显更长，与其他孩子交谈的时间明显更少。靠近家长的时间明显更多，但仅在第一次同伴游戏环节中。这些行为已被证明是行为抑制的指标。
这些发现表明，儿童期对不熟悉事物的行为抑制可能是日后发展为酒精依赖的一个风险因素。虽然有大量证据表明儿童期的外化行为是日后发展为物质依赖的风险因素，但目前的结果表明内化行为也可能是一条途径。
