Bachman J G, Freedman-Doan P, O'Malley P M, Johnston L D, Segal D R
Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48106-1248, USA.
Am J Public Health. 1999 May;89(5):672-7. doi: 10.2105/ajph.89.5.672.
The US armed forces adopted "zero tolerance" policies concerning illicit drug use in 1980 and later developed policies to discourage tobacco and alcohol abuse. This article examines drug use among young active-duty recruits both before and after enlistment, compared with nonmilitary age-mates, and documents historical shifts in such drug use across 2 decades.
Analyses employed longitudinal panel data from 20 nationally representative samples of high school seniors (cohorts of 1976-1995), each surveyed just before graduation and again within 2 years. Separate analyses for men (n = 12,082) and women (n = 15,345) contrasted those who entered military service, college, and civilian employment.
Illicit drug use declined more among young military recruits than among their civilian counterparts. Analyses of male recruits at multiple time periods showed (1) declines in the prevalence of marijuana use and cocaine use after the initiation of routine military drug testing and (2) lower proportions of smokers of half a pack or more of cigarettes per day who entered service after the initiation of tobacco bans during basic training.
Recent military drug policies appear to deter illicit drug use among enlistees and discourage some smokers from enlisting.
美国武装部队于1980年采取了关于非法药物使用的“零容忍”政策，后来又制定了政策以劝阻烟草和酒精滥用。本文研究了年轻现役新兵入伍前后的药物使用情况，并与非军人同龄人进行比较，记录了20年间此类药物使用情况的历史变化。
分析采用了来自20个全国代表性的高中毕业生样本（1976 - 1995年队列）的纵向面板数据，每个样本在毕业前和毕业后2年内各进行一次调查。对男性（n = 12,082）和女性（n = 15,345）分别进行分析，对比了进入军队服役、上大学和从事文职工作的人群。
年轻新兵中非法药物使用的下降幅度大于其 civilian 同龄人。对多个时间段男性新兵的分析表明：（1）常规军事药物检测开始后，大麻使用和可卡因使用的流行率下降；（2）基础训练期间烟草禁令实施后，每天吸食半包或更多香烟的新兵入伍比例降低。
近期的军事药物政策似乎能阻止新兵非法药物使用，并劝阻一些吸烟者入伍。
