Levelt WJ
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, PO Box 310, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Trends Cogn Sci. 1999 Jun;3(6):223-232. doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01319-4.
Research on spoken word production has been approached from two angles. In one research tradition, the analysis of spontaneous or induced speech errors led to models that can account for speech error distributions. In another tradition, the measurement of picture naming latencies led to chronometric models accounting for distributions of reaction times in word production. Both kinds of models are, however, dealing with the same underlying processes: (1) the speaker's selection of a word that is semantically and syntactically appropriate; (2) the retrieval of the word's phonological properties; (3) the rapid syllabification of the word in context; and (4) the preparation of the corresponding articulatory gestures. Models of both traditions explain these processes in terms of activation spreading through a localist, symbolic network. By and large, they share the main levels of representation: conceptual/semantic, syntactic, phonological and phonetic. They differ in various details, such as the amount of cascading and feedback in the network. These research traditions have begun to merge in recent years, leading to highly constructive experimentation. Currently, they are like two similar knives honing each other. A single pair of scissors is in the making.
对口语产出的研究主要从两个角度展开。在一种研究传统中，对自发或诱发的言语错误进行分析，从而形成了能够解释言语错误分布的模型。在另一种传统中，通过测量图片命名潜伏期，得出了计时模型，用以解释单词产出中反应时间的分布情况。然而，这两种模型所涉及的基本过程是相同的：（1）说话者选择语义和句法合适的单词；（2）提取该单词的语音属性；（3）在语境中对单词进行快速音节划分；（4）准备相应的发音手势。这两种传统的模型都是根据通过局部主义符号网络传播的激活来解释这些过程的。总的来说，它们共享主要的表征层次：概念/语义、句法、语音和音系。它们在各种细节上有所不同，比如网络中的级联和反馈量。近年来，这些研究传统开始融合，带来了极具建设性的实验。目前，它们就像两把相似的刀在相互磨砺。一把剪刀正在成形。
