Szubert Z, Sobala W
Zakładu Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej Instytutu Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra med. Jerzego Nofera w Lodzi Kierownik.
Med Pr. 1999;50(1):43-50.
Occupational determinants play a significant role in the studies of the causes of work disability. The duration of employment is that particular variable, frequently analysed, which reflects indirectly the effect of work conditions on the worker's health state and also on his her disease-related work disability. Therefore, the aim of this work was to show the difference in sick absenteeism between various occupational groups, depending on the duration of employment. The empirical material embraced data on work disability, among workers employed in the automative industry plant during the years 1989-94. Out of 8,599 persons covered with the study, 77% left the job, including 7% of those who left the job because of health problems. An analysis of the impact of occupational determinants on the sick absenteeism was carried out on the basis of the absenteeism rate adjusted by age, sex and occupational activity in groups of the production, auxilliary and administrative workers, as well as in occupational groups exposed to possibly similar harmful factors. The duration of worker's employment in the plant showed a positive influence on sick absenteeism, since together with extended period of employment the decrease in the rate of general sick absenteeism was observed. However, in a number of disease categories an increase in absenteeism together with extended duration of employment, and a high level of absenteeism among workers involved directly in the production, were noted. This proves an adverse effect of work conditions on work disability among workers. The effect of harmful factors present at workposts is also confirmed by the increasing sick absenteeism together with the prolonged duration of employment in various occupational groups. In the group of welders the highest level of sick absenteeism was observed among persons with duration of employment ranging from 11 to 20 years (rate: 10.52), and it was related to diseases of the respiratory (3.10) and circulatory (2.09) systems. In this group the increase in absenteeism together with prolonged duration of employment was related to diseases of the genitourinary system (about fourfold), musculoskeletal system (about threefold) and nervous system and sense organs (about 20%). It may be concluded that in selected high risk occupational groups, the duration of employment may reflect the effect of work conditions on workers' sick absenteeism, and the analysis of work disability caused by individual diseases provides an image of health effects due to hazards to which those groups are exposed.
职业决定因素在工作残疾原因的研究中起着重要作用。就业时长是一个经常被分析的特殊变量，它间接反映了工作条件对工人健康状况以及与其疾病相关的工作残疾的影响。因此，这项工作的目的是展示不同职业群体之间因病缺勤的差异，具体取决于就业时长。实证材料涵盖了1989 - 1994年期间汽车工厂工人的工作残疾数据。在8599名参与研究的人员中，77%离开了工作岗位，其中7%因健康问题离职。基于按年龄、性别和职业活动调整后的缺勤率，对生产、辅助和行政工人组以及可能接触类似有害因素的职业群体中的职业决定因素对因病缺勤的影响进行了分析。工人在工厂的就业时长对因病缺勤有积极影响，因为随着就业时长的延长，总体因病缺勤率有所下降。然而，在一些疾病类别中，发现缺勤率随着就业时长的延长而增加，并且直接参与生产的工人缺勤率较高。这证明了工作条件对工人工作残疾有不利影响。各职业群体中因病缺勤率随着就业时长的延长而增加，也证实了工作岗位上存在的有害因素的影响。在焊工群体中，就业时长在11至20年的人员因病缺勤率最高（比率：10.52），且与呼吸系统疾病（3.10）和循环系统疾病（2.09）有关。在该群体中，缺勤率随着就业时长的延长而增加，与泌尿生殖系统疾病（约四倍）、肌肉骨骼系统疾病（约三倍）以及神经系统和感觉器官疾病（约20%）有关。可以得出结论，在选定的高风险职业群体中，就业时长可能反映工作条件对工人因病缺勤的影响，并且对由个别疾病导致的工作残疾进行分析，可以呈现出这些群体所接触的危害对健康的影响情况。
