Uspensky I
Department of Biological Chemistry, A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
J Vector Ecol. 1999 Jun;24(1):40-53.
For several decades, the emphasis in human tick-borne disease control has been on the epidemiologically-based preventive (non-specific) approach where tick vectors were the main target of control impact. A long-term, large-scale campaign for controlling the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus, the main vector of tick-borne encephalitis, was carried out in Russia in the 1950s to 1970s. The practical experience accumulated during that campaign could be of great value for the current development of strategies of tick-borne disease control. A general scheme of human protection from tick-borne diseases is presented where the required investment into protection is proportional to the risk of human infection and particular strategies of control and protection are differentiated. The critical point in the preventive approach is the necessity of radical tick suppression in the areas with the highest risk of human infection that can be successfully achieved only through chemical treatment directed at the eradication of the entire tick population. The following aspects are considered: the tick population (or a group of populations) as a desirable target of any acaricidal impact (biological and geographic aspects, the fate of the population after treatment); the advantage of long-term planning for control campaigns; and the influence of acaricidal impact on foci of tick-borne diseases. The conception of losses of potential pesticidal impact efficacy provides much room for the improvement of conventional tick control strategies making them more efficient and safe to the environment. The current tendency to make humans the main target of control through vaccination and/or medical treatment (specific approach) does not fit the objectives of effective human protection from tick-borne diseases, especially because of a tick population's ability to carry and transmit more than one pathogen over the same area.
几十年来，人类蜱传疾病控制的重点一直是基于流行病学的预防（非特异性）方法，其中蜱虫媒介是控制措施的主要目标。20世纪50年代至70年代，俄罗斯开展了一场长期、大规模的控制远东蜱（全沟硬蜱）的运动，远东蜱是蜱传脑炎的主要媒介。在那场运动中积累的实践经验可能对当前蜱传疾病控制策略的发展具有重要价值。本文提出了一个人类预防蜱传疾病的总体方案，其中保护所需的投资与人类感染风险成正比，并区分了具体的控制和保护策略。预防方法的关键点是在人类感染风险最高的地区彻底消灭蜱虫的必要性，而这只有通过旨在根除整个蜱虫种群的化学处理才能成功实现。本文考虑了以下几个方面：蜱虫种群（或一组种群）作为任何杀螨措施的理想目标（生物学和地理方面、处理后种群的命运）；控制运动长期规划的优势；以及杀螨措施对蜱传疾病疫源地的影响。潜在农药效力损失的概念为改进传统蜱虫控制策略提供了很大空间，使其更高效且对环境更安全。目前通过疫苗接种和/或药物治疗将人类作为主要控制目标的趋势（特异性方法）不符合有效保护人类免受蜱传疾病侵害的目标，特别是因为蜱虫种群能够在同一地区携带和传播多种病原体。
