McKnight A J, McKnight A S
National Public Services Research Institute, Landover, MD 20785, USA.
Accid Anal Prev. 1999 Sep;31(5):445-54. doi: 10.1016/s0001-4575(98)00082-7.
A computerized measure of 22 visual, attentional, perceptual, cognitive and psychomotor abilities and a structured road test were administered to 407 elderly drivers age 62 and above. Approximately two-thirds of the sample had been referred to licensing agencies on the basis of observed unsafe incidents and the remainder were volunteers free of reported incidents. Significant correlations (r = 0.4-0.5) were found between unsafe driving incidents and deficiencies in attentional, perceptual, cognitive and psychomotor categories and 0.3 for the visual. A total score based upon all ability measures correctly identified 80% of incident-involved, while misidentifying only 20% of the incident-free drivers. Unsafe driving incidents evidenced significant but small positive correlations (r = 0.1-0.2) with road test errors indicative of skill deficiencies but not with errors in routine safe driving practices. Substantial examiner differences attenuated relationships involving road performances, and correlations with skill-related performances rose (r = 0.2-0.3) when these effects were partialled out. Intercorrelations among measured abilities were high, indicating the need for caution in interpreting reported relationships between individual abilities and unsafe driving incidents. The authors also caution against interpreting correlations found in highly selected samples as representing the magnitude of relationships in the population at large.
对407名62岁及以上的老年驾驶员进行了22项视觉、注意力、感知、认知和心理运动能力的计算机化测量以及结构化道路测试。样本中约三分之二是基于观察到的不安全事件被转介到驾照管理机构的，其余是没有报告事件的志愿者。在不安全驾驶事件与注意力、感知、认知和心理运动类别缺陷之间发现了显著相关性（r = 0.4 - 0.5），视觉方面的相关性为0.3。基于所有能力测量的总分正确识别了80%涉及事故的驾驶员，同时仅错误识别了20%无事故的驾驶员。不安全驾驶事件与表明技能缺陷的道路测试错误之间存在显著但较小的正相关（r = 0.1 - 0.2），但与常规安全驾驶行为中的错误无关。考官之间的显著差异削弱了与道路表现相关的关系，当排除这些影响时，与技能相关表现的相关性上升（r = 0.2 - 0.3）。所测量能力之间的相互相关性很高，这表明在解释个体能力与不安全驾驶事件之间报告的关系时需要谨慎。作者还告诫不要将在高度精选样本中发现的相关性解释为代表总体人群中关系的大小。
