Nieman D C
Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep;70(3 Suppl):570S-575S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/70.3.570s.
The available evidence supports neither a beneficial nor a detrimental effect of a vegetarian diet on physical performance capacity, especially when carbohydrate intake is controlled for. Concerns have been raised that an emphasis on plant foods to enhance carbohydrate intake and optimize body glycogen stores may lead to increases in dietary fiber and phytic acid intake to concentrations that reduce the bioavailability of several nutrients, including zinc, iron, and some other trace minerals. There is no convincing evidence, however, that vegetarian athletes suffer impaired nutrient status from the interactive effect of their heavy exertion and plant-food based dietary practices to the extent that performance, health, or both are impaired. Although there has been some concern about protein intake for vegetarian athletes, data indicate that all essential and nonessential amino acids can be supplied by plant food sources alone as long as a variety of foods is consumed and the energy intake is adequate. There has been some concern that vegetarian female athletes are at increased risk for oligoamenorrhea, but evidence suggests that low energy intake, not dietary quality, is the major cause. In conclusion, a vegetarian diet per se is not associated with improved aerobic endurance performance. Although some concerns have been raised about the nutrient status of vegetarian athletes, a varied and well-planned vegetarian diet is compatible with successful athletic endeavor.
现有证据既不支持素食对身体运动能力有有益影响，也不支持其有有害影响，尤其是在碳水化合物摄入量得到控制的情况下。有人担心，强调通过植物性食物来增加碳水化合物摄入量并优化身体糖原储备，可能会导致膳食纤维和植酸摄入量增加，达到降低包括锌、铁和其他一些微量矿物质在内的几种营养素生物利用率的浓度。然而，没有令人信服的证据表明，素食运动员会因高强度运动和基于植物性食物的饮食习惯的相互作用而出现营养状况受损，进而损害运动表现、健康或两者。尽管有人担心素食运动员的蛋白质摄入量，但数据表明，只要摄入多种食物且能量摄入充足，仅靠植物性食物来源就能提供所有必需和非必需氨基酸。有人担心素食女运动员患月经过少的风险增加，但证据表明，能量摄入低而非饮食质量才是主要原因。总之，素食本身与提高有氧耐力表现无关。尽管有人对素食运动员的营养状况提出了一些担忧，但多样化且精心规划的素食饮食与成功的体育事业是相容的。
