Eaves L, Heath A, Martin N, Maes H, Neale M, Kendler K, Kirk K, Corey L
Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
Twin Res. 1999 Jun;2(2):62-80. doi: 10.1375/136905299320565933.
Measures of four dimensions of personality (Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Lie scores) and six aspects of social attitudes (to sex, taxation, militarism, politics, religion and a general conservatism scale) were obtained by mailed questionnaire from 29,691 US subjects including adult twins (n = 14,761) their parents (n = 2360), their spouses (n = 4391), siblings (n = 3184) and adult children (n = 4800). After correction for the average effects of age, sex and source of sample, familial correlations were computed for 80 distinct biological and social relationships. The data allow for the estimation of the additive and non-additive effects of genes, assortative mating, vertical cultural inheritance and other non-parental effects of the shared environment on differences in personality and social attitudes. The interaction of genetic and environmental effects with sex may also be analyzed. Model-fitting analyses show that personality and social attitude measures differ markedly in major features of family resemblance. Additive and dominant genetic effects contribute to differences in both personality and attitudes, but the effects of the family environment, including vertical cultural transmission from parent to child, are much more marked for social attitudes than for personality. There is substantial assortative mating for social attitudes and almost none for personality. The causes of family resemblance depend significantly on sex for almost every variable studied. These findings clarify and extend the more tentative findings derived from previous twin, family and adoption studies.
通过邮寄问卷的方式，从29691名美国受试者那里获取了人格四个维度（精神质、外向性、神经质和说谎分数）以及社会态度六个方面（对性、税收、军国主义、政治、宗教和一个总体保守主义量表）的测量数据。这些受试者包括成年双胞胎（n = 14761）、他们的父母（n = 2360）、他们的配偶（n = 4391）、兄弟姐妹（n = 3184）和成年子女（n = 4800）。在对年龄、性别和样本来源的平均效应进行校正之后，计算了80种不同生物和社会关系的家族相关性。这些数据有助于估计基因的加性和非加性效应、选型交配、垂直文化遗传以及共享环境中其他非父母效应，对人格和社会态度差异的影响。还可以分析基因和环境效应与性别的相互作用。模型拟合分析表明，人格和社会态度测量在家族相似性的主要特征上存在显著差异。加性和显性基因效应导致了人格和态度两方面的差异，但是家庭环境的影响，包括从父母到子女的垂直文化传递，在社会态度方面比在人格方面更为显著。在社会态度方面存在大量的选型交配，而在人格方面几乎不存在。几乎对于所研究的每一个变量，家族相似性的原因都显著地取决于性别。这些发现澄清并扩展了先前双胞胎、家族和收养研究中得出的更为初步的发现。
