Osborne Danny, Costello Thomas H, Duckitt John, Sibley Chris G
School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.
Nat Rev Psychol. 2023;2(4):220-232. doi: 10.1038/s44159-023-00161-4. Epub 2023 Mar 3.
Over the past two decades, citizens' political rights and civil liberties have declined globally. Psychological science can play an instrumental role in both explaining and combating the authoritarian impulses that underlie these attacks on personal autonomy. In this Review, we describe the psychological processes and situational factors that foster authoritarianism, as well as the societal consequences of its apparent resurgence within the general population. First, we summarize the dual process motivational model of ideology and prejudice, which suggests that viewing the world as a dangerous, but not necessarily competitive, place plants the psychological seeds of authoritarianism. Next, we discuss the evolutionary, genetic, personality and developmental antecedents to authoritarianism and explain how contextual threats to safety and security activate authoritarian predispositions. After examining the harmful consequences of authoritarianism for intergroup relations and broader societal attitudes, we discuss the need to expand the ideological boundaries of authoritarianism and encourage future research to investigate both right-wing and left-wing variants of authoritarianism.
在过去二十年里，公民的政治权利和公民自由在全球范围内有所下降。心理科学在解释和对抗这些对个人自主权攻击背后的专制冲动方面可以发挥重要作用。在本综述中，我们描述了助长威权主义的心理过程和情境因素，以及其在普通人群中明显复苏的社会后果。首先，我们总结了意识形态和偏见的双过程动机模型，该模型表明，将世界视为一个危险但不一定具有竞争性的地方，播下了威权主义的心理种子。接下来，我们讨论威权主义的进化、遗传、人格和发展前因，并解释对安全与保障的情境威胁如何激活威权主义倾向。在审视了威权主义对群体间关系和更广泛社会态度的有害后果之后，我们讨论了扩大威权主义意识形态边界的必要性，并鼓励未来的研究去调查威权主义的右翼和左翼变体。
