Cheyne J A, Rueffer S D, Newby-Clark I R
Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Conscious Cogn. 1999 Sep;8(3):319-37. doi: 10.1006/ccog.1999.0404.
Hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences (HHEs) accompanying sleep paralysis (SP) are often cited as sources of accounts of supernatural nocturnal assaults and paranormal experiences. Descriptions of such experiences are remarkably consistent across time and cultures and consistent also with known mechanisms of REM states. A three-factor structural model of HHEs based on their relations both to cultural narratives and REM neurophysiology is developed and tested with several large samples. One factor, labeled Intruder, consisting of sensed presence, fear, and auditory and visual hallucinations, is conjectured to originate in a hypervigilant state initiated in the midbrain. Another factor, Incubus, comprising pressure on the chest, breathing difficulties, and pain, is attributed to effects of hyperpolarization of motoneurons on perceptions of respiration. These two factors have in common an implied alien "other" consistent with occult narratives identified in numerous contemporary and historical cultures. A third factor, labeled Unusual Bodily Experiences, consisting of floating/flying sensations, out-of-body experiences, and feelings of bliss, is related to physically impossible experiences generated by conflicts of endogenous and exogenous activation related to body position, orientation, and movement. Implications of this last factor for understanding of orientational primacy in self-consciousness are considered. Central features of the model developed here are consistent with recent work on hallucinations associated with hypnosis and schizophrenia.
伴随睡眠瘫痪（SP）出现的入睡前和睡醒前体验（HHEs）常被视为超自然夜间袭击和超自然体验描述的来源。此类体验的描述在不同时间和文化中惊人地一致，并且也与快速眼动（REM）睡眠状态的已知机制相符。基于HHEs与文化叙事及REM神经生理学之间的关系，构建了一个三因素结构模型，并在多个大样本中进行了测试。一个因素标记为“入侵者”，包括感觉到的存在、恐惧以及听觉和视觉幻觉，推测其起源于中脑引发的过度警觉状态。另一个因素“梦魇”，包括胸部压迫感、呼吸困难和疼痛，归因于运动神经元超极化对呼吸感知的影响。这两个因素的共同之处在于都暗示了一个与众多当代和历史文化中所发现的神秘叙事相符的外来“他者”。第三个因素标记为“异常身体体验”，包括漂浮/飞行感、体外体验和愉悦感，与因身体位置、方向和运动相关的内源性和外源性激活冲突所产生的身体上不可能出现的体验有关。探讨了最后这个因素对于理解自我意识中定向首要性的意义。此处构建的模型的核心特征与近期关于与催眠和精神分裂症相关幻觉的研究一致。
