Strmac M, Braunbeck T
Department of Zoology I, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1999 Sep;44(1):25-39. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1999.1781.
In order to evaluate the toxicity of the fungicide triphenyltin acetate (TPTA) on hatching, survival, morphology, and histology of early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio), newly fertilized eggs were exposed to concentrations of 0.5, 5, 25, 75, and 100 microg/liter TPTA for 96 h at 28+/-0.5 degrees C. Embryos and larvae were kept under constant observation for up to 7 days and studied with respect to mortality and teratogenic effects as well as histological and cytological alterations in the liver as endpoints of sublethal toxicity of TPTA. Exposure to TPTA caused dose- and time-related effects with respect to all parameters investigated: (1) Hatching was delayed at concentrations >/=0.5 microg/liter TPTA; (2) mortality increased at >/=25 microg/liter TA after 96 h exposure, with TPTA toxicity being higher in larval than in embryonic stages; (3) from >/=25 microg/liter, larvae exhibited skeletal malformation, retarded yolk sac resorption, and edema in the heart and yolk sac regions; and (4) histo- and cytopathological alterations of larval liver included changes in nuclei and mitochondria as well as glycogen depletion from >/=0.5 microg/liter TPTA. The study thus demonstrates not only an elevated sensitivity of zebrafish embryos to TPTA in stages prior to hatching, but also the importance of continuous observation over extended periods after termination of the actual exposure for a comprehensive evaluation of the toxicity of chemical compounds.
为了评估杀菌剂醋酸三苯基锡（TPTA）对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）早期生命阶段的孵化、存活、形态和组织学的毒性，将新受精的鱼卵在28±0.5℃下暴露于浓度为0.5、5、25、75和100微克/升的TPTA中96小时。对胚胎和幼体持续观察长达7天，并研究死亡率、致畸效应以及肝脏的组织学和细胞学改变，以此作为TPTA亚致死毒性的终点指标。暴露于TPTA会导致所研究的所有参数出现剂量和时间相关的效应：（1）当TPTA浓度≥0.5微克/升时，孵化延迟；（2）暴露96小时后，当TA浓度≥25微克/升时死亡率增加，TPTA对幼体阶段的毒性高于胚胎阶段；（3）从≥25微克/升起，幼体出现骨骼畸形、卵黄囊吸收延迟以及心脏和卵黄囊区域水肿；（4）幼体肝脏的组织病理学和细胞病理学改变包括细胞核和线粒体的变化以及当TPTA浓度≥0.5微克/升时糖原耗竭。该研究不仅证明了斑马鱼胚胎在孵化前阶段对TPTA的敏感性升高，还证明了在实际暴露终止后进行长时间连续观察对于全面评估化合物毒性的重要性。
