Wells P G, Höfer T, Nauke M
Environmental Conservation Branch, Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Sci Total Environ. 1999 Sep 30;237-238:329-50. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00147-3.
GESAMP's EHS working group, evaluation of the hazards of harmful substances carried by ships, contributed in the early 1970s to the chemical carriage provisions (Annexes II and III) of the MARPOL Convention, and after formal setup in 1974 under IMCO/IMO, has evaluated the hazards of approximately 2200 chemical substances transported worldwide by shipping. Hazard ratings for chemicals based on five criteria: bioaccumulation in marine organisms and tainting of seafood; damage to marine life defined by aquatic toxicity thresholds; acute hazard to human health, defined by oral intake; hazard to human health on the basis of skin or eye contact; and reduction of amenities, have been assigned by the working group experts (30 scientists from 11 countries overall). The ratings are used by IMO committes to assign marine pollution categories under MARPOL 73/78, ensuring that shipping of chemicals in bulk or as packaged goods is conducted with due consideration for ship type, guidelines for discharges from tank cleaning and deballasting operations, packaging and labeling and response during accidents or loss. Since 1995, the working group has reviewed and revised its hazard criteria, and largely harmonized them with OECD. This will ensure compatibility of criteria and approaches across transport sectors. The criteria now include two measures of bioaccumulation, biodegradation, chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms, additional human health endpoints, and effects on marine wildlife and benthic habitats. The working group maintains a composite list of evaluations of hazards of harmful substances at IMO, London.
全球海洋环境保护科学问题联合专家组的环境、健康与安全工作组负责评估船舶所载有害物质的危害，该工作组在20世纪70年代初为《国际防止船舶污染公约》的化学品运输规定（附则二和附则三）做出了贡献。1974年在政府间海事协商组织/国际海事组织正式成立后，该工作组评估了全球航运运输的约2200种化学物质的危害。工作组专家（来自11个国家的30位科学家）根据五项标准对化学品进行了危害评级：在海洋生物中的生物累积和海产品的污染；由水生毒性阈值定义的对海洋生物的损害；通过口服摄入定义的对人类健康的急性危害；基于皮肤或眼睛接触的对人类健康的危害；以及对舒适性的降低。国际海事组织各委员会使用这些评级来根据《73/78国际防止船舶污染公约》确定海洋污染类别，确保化学品的散装或包装运输在进行时充分考虑船舶类型、洗舱和压载水排放操作指南、包装和标签以及事故或损失时的应对措施。自1995年以来，该工作组审查并修订了其危害标准，并在很大程度上使其与经合组织的标准保持一致。这将确保各运输部门的标准和方法具有兼容性。现在的标准包括生物累积的两种衡量方法、生物降解、对水生生物的慢性毒性、更多的人类健康终点以及对海洋野生动物和底栖生境的影响。该工作组在伦敦的国际海事组织保留了一份有害物质危害评估的综合清单。
