Following the surgical treatment of adult periodontitis, the epithelial regeneration of the periodontal attachment is non-physiological and thus unsatisfactory, if membranes or artificial bone material are not used. Re-epithelialization is based on the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of basal epithelial cells which are in contact with a wound matrix and whose molecular makeup differs from the extracellular matrix of intact regions. Interactions between basal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix are mediated by special receptors on the cell surface which are known as integrins and belong to the family of cellular adhesion molecules (CAM). Various studies indicate that integrin-mediated interaction plays a decisive role in regulating the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the epithelial cells. This review provides an overview of the in vivo and in vitro expression of integrins by epithelial cells and the interaction between integrins and extracellular matrix (ECM) in the case of a stationary epithelium and during wound healing. The regulation of these cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions may represent a method for inhibiting non-physiological epithelial regeneration on the molecular level.