McCrae R R, Costa P T, Ostendorf F, Angleitner A, Hrebícková M, Avia M D, Sanz J, Sánchez-Bernardos M L, Kusdil M E, Woodfield R, Saunders P R, Smith P B
Personality, Stress, and Coping Section, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Jan;78(1):173-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.173.
Temperaments are often regarded as biologically based psychological tendencies with intrinsic paths of development. It is argued that this definition applies to the personality traits of the five-factor model. Evidence for the endogenous nature of traits is summarized from studies of behavior genetics, parent-child relations, personality structure, animal personality, and the longitudinal stability of individual differences. New evidence for intrinsic maturation is offered from analyses of NEO Five-Factor Inventory scores for men and women age 14 and over in German, British, Spanish, Czech, and Turkish samples (N = 5,085). These data support strong conceptual links to child temperament despite modest empirical associations. The intrinsic maturation of personality is complemented by the culturally conditioned development of characteristic adaptations that express personality; interventions in human development are best addressed to these.
气质通常被视为具有内在发展路径的基于生物学的心理倾向。有人认为这一定义适用于五因素模型的人格特质。从行为遗传学、亲子关系、人格结构、动物人格以及个体差异的纵向稳定性研究中总结了特质内源性本质的证据。通过对德国、英国、西班牙、捷克和土耳其样本中14岁及以上男性和女性的NEO五因素问卷得分进行分析（N = 5085），提供了内在成熟的新证据。尽管实证关联不大，但这些数据支持了与儿童气质的紧密概念联系。人格的内在成熟辅以表达人格的特征适应性的文化条件发展；人类发展干预最好针对这些方面。
