Wiedermann G
Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1979 Mar 2;91(5):143-50.
A number of newly-developed vaccines are available nowadays, whilst others, which are well-established, have been improved. The collection of epidemiological data, however, is equally important in assessing and providing insight into prophylactic measures. The beneficial effects and risks of vaccination may be calculated by special formulae. Changes in the effect of vaccines can be detected by constant reevaluation of the epidemiological situation by means of these formulae. Another possibility lies in the calculation of the borderline number of complications of a certain disease when the risks of the sequelae of the disease or of the vaccination are about equal. Examples of valuable and recommendable vaccinations are vaccination against measles, poliomyelitis, tetanus and tick-borne encephalitis. A follow-up of the case mortality of whooping-cough in Austria over the past 15 years and a consideration of the fatal complications of vacinnation, as quoted by Ehrengut, reveals that the risks of the disease balanced the risks of vaccination with usual vaccines, already in 1971 (1976 with WHO data). A beneficial effect of BCG vaccination is still present, but the influence on mortality figures is very slight only. However, the benefit of BCG may lie in the prevention of deaths from leukaemia observed by some authors. Paraspecific effects of some vaccinations are mentioned. Finally, cost-benefit calculations for Austria are presented in the case of vaccination against measles and mumps, which appear to be highly recommendable, not only from the medical, but also the economic point of view.
如今有许多新研发的疫苗可供使用，而其他一些已成熟的疫苗也得到了改进。然而，收集流行病学数据对于评估和深入了解预防措施同样重要。疫苗接种的益处和风险可以通过特殊公式计算得出。通过这些公式持续重新评估流行病学情况，可以检测到疫苗效果的变化。另一种可能性是，当某种疾病的后遗症风险或疫苗接种风险大致相等时，计算该疾病并发症的临界数量。有价值且值得推荐的疫苗接种例子包括麻疹、脊髓灰质炎、破伤风和蜱传脑炎疫苗接种。埃伦古特引用的奥地利过去15年百日咳病例死亡率的跟踪情况以及对疫苗接种致命并发症的考量表明，早在1971年（根据世界卫生组织数据为1976年），该疾病的风险就与常规疫苗接种的风险相当。卡介苗接种仍有有益效果，但对死亡率数字的影响非常轻微。不过，卡介苗的益处可能在于一些作者观察到的预防白血病死亡。文中提到了一些疫苗接种的非特异性效果。最后，给出了奥地利针对麻疹和风疹疫苗接种的成本效益计算结果，这两种疫苗接种不仅从医学角度，而且从经济角度来看似乎都非常值得推荐。
