Tversky B, Marsh E J
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, CA 94305-2130, USA.
Cogn Psychol. 2000 Feb;40(1):1-38. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1999.0720.
When people retell events, they take different perspectives for different audiences and purposes. In four experiments, we examined the effects of this postevent reorganization of events on memory for the original events. In each experiment, participants read a story, wrote a biased letter about one of the story characters, and later remembered the original story. Participants' letters contained more story details and more elaborations relevant to the purpose of their retellings. More importantly, the letter perspective affected the amount of information recalled (Experiments 1, 3, and 4) and the direction of the errors in recall (Experiments 1 and 3) and recognition (Experiment 2). Selective rehearsal plays an important role in these bias effects: retelling involves selectively retrieving and using story information, with consequent differences in memory. However, biased memory occurred even when the biased letters contained little, if any, specific information (Experiment 4) or contained the same amount and kinds of story information as a neutral control condition (Experiment 3). Biased memory is a consequence of the reorganizing schema guiding the retelling perspective, in addition to the effects of rehearsing specific information in retelling.
当人们复述事件时，他们会因受众和目的的不同而采取不同的视角。在四项实验中，我们研究了这种事件后重组对原始事件记忆的影响。在每项实验中，参与者阅读一个故事，就故事中的一个角色写一封有偏向性的信，随后回忆原始故事。参与者的信包含了更多的故事细节以及与复述目的相关的更多阐述。更重要的是，信的视角影响了回忆的信息量（实验1、3和4）以及回忆（实验1和3）和识别（实验2）中的错误方向。选择性复述在这些偏差效应中起着重要作用：复述涉及有选择地检索和使用故事信息，从而导致记忆上的差异。然而，即使有偏向性的信几乎不包含（如果有的话）特定信息（实验4），或者包含与中性控制条件相同数量和种类的故事信息（实验3），仍会出现偏差记忆。除了复述中对特定信息进行复述的影响外，偏差记忆是指导复述视角的重组图式的结果。
