Desjardins A E, Manandhar H K, Plattner R D, Manandhar G G, Poling S M, Maragos C M
Mycotoxin Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Mar;66(3):1020-5. doi: 10.1128/AEM.66.3.1020-1025.2000.
Infection of cereal grains with Fusarium species can cause contamination with mycotoxins that affect human and animal health. To determine the potential for mycotoxin contamination, we isolated Fusarium species from samples of rice seeds that were collected in 1997 on farms in the foothills of the Nepal Himalaya. The predominant Fusarium species in surface-disinfested seeds with husks were species of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex, including G. fujikuroi mating population A (anamorph, Fusarium verticillioides), G. fujikuroi mating population C (anamorph, Fusarium fujikuroi), and G. fujikuroi mating population D (anamorph, Fusarium proliferatum). The widespread occurrence of mating population D suggests that its role in the complex symptoms of bakanae disease of rice may be significant. Other common species were Gibberella zeae (anamorph, Fusarium graminearum) and Fusarium semitectum, with Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium anguioides, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Fusarium equiseti, and Fusarium oxysporum occasionally present. Strains of mating population C produced beauvericin, moniliformin, and gibberellic acid, but little or no fumonisin, whereas strains of mating population D produced beauvericin, fumonisin, and, usually, moniliformin, but no gibberellic acid. Some strains of G. zeae produced the 8-ketotrichothecene nivalenol, whereas others produced deoxynivalenol. Despite the occurrence of fumonisin-producing strains of mating population D, and of 8-ketotrichothecene-producing strains of G. zeae, Nepalese rice showed no detectable contamination with these mycotoxins. Effective traditional practices for grain drying and storage may prevent contamination of Nepalese rice with Fusarium mycotoxins.
谷物被镰刀菌属感染会导致霉菌毒素污染，影响人类和动物健康。为了确定霉菌毒素污染的可能性，我们从1997年在尼泊尔喜马拉雅山山麓农场采集的水稻种子样本中分离出镰刀菌属。带壳表面消毒种子中的主要镰刀菌属是藤仓赤霉复合体的物种，包括藤仓赤霉交配群体A（无性型，轮枝镰孢）、藤仓赤霉交配群体C（无性型，藤仓镰孢）和藤仓赤霉交配群体D（无性型，层出镰孢）。交配群体D的广泛存在表明其在水稻恶苗病复杂症状中的作用可能很大。其他常见物种是玉蜀黍赤霉（无性型，禾谷镰孢）和半裸镰孢，偶尔还存在锐顶镰孢、弯角镰孢、燕麦镰孢、厚垣镰孢、木贼镰孢和尖孢镰孢。交配群体C的菌株产生了白僵菌素、串珠镰刀菌素和赤霉素，但伏马菌素很少或没有，而交配群体D的菌株产生了白僵菌素、伏马菌素，通常还有串珠镰刀菌素，但没有赤霉素。一些玉蜀黍赤霉菌株产生了8-酮单端孢霉烯雪腐镰刀菌烯醇，而其他菌株产生了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇。尽管存在产生伏马菌素的交配群体D菌株和产生8-酮单端孢霉烯的玉蜀黍赤霉菌株，但尼泊尔水稻未检测到这些霉菌毒素的污染。有效的传统谷物干燥和储存方法可能会防止尼泊尔水稻被镰刀菌霉菌毒素污染。
