Morgan M J, Davies G M, Willner P
Centre for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea, UK.
Behav Pharmacol. 1999 Nov;10(6-7):619-26. doi: 10.1097/00008877-199911000-00008.
The Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU) was designed to measure cravings elicited by abstinence from cigarette smoking. In the present study, the sensitivity of the QSU both to brief periods of abstinence and to exposure to smoking-related cues was investigated. A progressive ratio (PR) operant procedure was also employed, in which behaviour was maintained either by primary reinforcement (puffs on a cigarette) or by secondary reinforcement (tokens exchanged later for puffs on a cigarette) in separate experiments. Dependent smokers, who were not abstinent or who were abstinent for either 2 or 4 h, were tested in both a cue-rich and a no-cue environment. The results indicated that the QSU was sensitive both to brief periods of abstinence and to exposure to smoking-related cues, but the effect of smoking-related cues on QSU scores was maximal in non-abstinent smokers. In contrast, neither abstinence nor exposure to smoking-related cues significantly influenced the number of reinforcers earned, or the number of responses made, in either PR task. However, there was a significant interaction between gender and degree of abstinence on PR performance under primary reinforcement, and correlations between PR and QSU measures that were dependent on a complex interaction between the presence/absence of smoking-related cues and the type of reinforcer used. These results suggest that the QSU is sensitive to subtle influences on subjective urges to smoke in dependent smokers and, although PR measures are relatively insensitive to these influences, there is some evidence that PR performance is related to subjective measures of the urge to smoke.
吸烟冲动问卷（QSU）旨在测量因戒烟而引发的渴望。在本研究中，对QSU在短期戒烟及暴露于吸烟相关线索时的敏感性进行了调查。还采用了渐进比率（PR）操作性程序，在不同实验中，行为通过初级强化（吸食香烟）或次级强化（代币，稍后可兑换吸食香烟）来维持。依赖吸烟者，即未戒烟者或已戒烟2小时或4小时者，在线索丰富和无线索环境中均接受了测试。结果表明，QSU对短期戒烟及暴露于吸烟相关线索均敏感，但吸烟相关线索对QSU分数的影响在未戒烟吸烟者中最大。相比之下，无论是戒烟还是暴露于吸烟相关线索，在任何一项PR任务中，均未显著影响获得的强化物数量或做出的反应数量。然而，在初级强化下，性别与戒烟程度对PR表现存在显著交互作用，且PR与QSU测量之间的相关性取决于吸烟相关线索的有无及所使用强化物类型之间的复杂交互作用。这些结果表明，QSU对依赖吸烟者主观吸烟冲动的细微影响敏感，尽管PR测量对这些影响相对不敏感，但有一些证据表明PR表现与吸烟冲动的主观测量相关。
