Nieder G L, Scott J N, Anderson M D
Department of Anatomy, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA.
Clin Anat. 2000;13(4):287-93. doi: 10.1002/1098-2353(2000)13:4<287::AID-CA9>3.0.CO;2-L.
QuickTime virtual reality (QTVR) is a software technology that creates, on a normal computer screen, the illusion of holding and turning a three-dimensional object. QTVR is a practical photo-realistic virtual reality technology that is easily implemented on any current personal computer or via the Internet with no special hardware requirements. Because of its ability to present dynamic photo-quality images, we reasoned that QTVR can provide a more realistic presentation of anatomic structure than two-dimensional atlas pictures and facilitate study of specimens outside the dissection lab. We created QTVR objects, using portions of the skull, and incorporated them into an instructional program for first-year medical students. To obtain images, the bones of the skull were mounted on a rotating table, and a digital camera was positioned on a swinging arm so that the focal point remained coincident with the rotational center of the object as the camera was panned through a vertical arc. Digital images were captured at intervals of 10 degrees rotation of the object (horizontal pan). The camera was then swung through an arc with additional horizontal pan sequences taken at 10 degrees intervals of vertical pan. The images were edited to place the object on a solid black background, then assembled into a linear QuickTime movie. The linear movie was processed to yield a QTVR object movie that can be manipulated on vertical and horizontal axes using the mouse. QTVR movies were incorporated into an interactive environment that provided labeling, links to text-based information and self-testing capabilities. This program, Yorick-the VR Skull, has been used in our first-year medical and graduate gross anatomy courses for the past two years. Results of student evaluation of the program indicate that this QTVR-based program is an effective learning tool that is well received by students.
QuickTime虚拟现实（QTVR）是一种软件技术，可在普通计算机屏幕上营造出手持并转动三维物体的错觉。QTVR是一种实用的逼真虚拟现实技术，无需特殊硬件要求，就能在任何当前的个人计算机上轻松实现，或通过互联网实现。由于其能够呈现动态的高质量照片图像，我们推断QTVR能够比二维图谱图片更逼真地展示解剖结构，并便于在解剖实验室之外对标本进行研究。我们利用部分颅骨创建了QTVR对象，并将其纳入针对一年级医学生的教学程序中。为了获取图像，将颅骨放置在旋转台上，数码相机安装在摆动臂上，这样当相机绕垂直弧线平移时，焦点始终与物体的旋转中心重合。物体每旋转10度（水平平移）就间隔拍摄数字图像。然后相机绕弧线摆动，并以垂直平移10度的间隔拍摄额外的水平平移序列。对图像进行编辑，将物体置于纯黑色背景上，然后组装成线性QuickTime电影。对该线性电影进行处理，生成可使用鼠标在垂直和水平轴上进行操作的QTVR对象电影。QTVR电影被纳入一个交互式环境中，该环境提供标注、基于文本信息的链接以及自我测试功能。在过去两年里，这个名为“约里克——虚拟颅骨”的程序已被用于我们一年级医学和研究生大体解剖课程中。学生对该程序的评估结果表明，这个基于QTVR的程序是一种有效的学习工具，深受学生欢迎。
