Cardiff R D
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis 95616, USA.
J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 1996 Jan;1(1):61-73. doi: 10.1007/BF02096303.
The development of hyperplasias, dysplasias, and mammary tumors has been studied extensively in transgenic mice. It is now becoming clear that transgenes activate and participate in oncogenic pathways that govern the events surrounding neoplastic progression in transgenic mice. The oncogenic pathways control mammary growth, development, and neoplastic progression. Some of the key features of transgenic biology can be expressed in the following rules: (1) Mammary development is related to the type and amount of transgene expressed; (2) dysplasias and tumors develop from secondary mutations; (3) the transgenes determine tumor phenotype; (4) transgenes may activate dominant oncogenic pathways; and (5) the oncogenic pathway determines prognosis. The study of the comparative pathology of mammary tumorigenesis in many strains of transgenic mice provides examples of these principles.
在转基因小鼠中，已经对增生、发育异常和乳腺肿瘤的发展进行了广泛研究。现在越来越清楚的是，转基因激活并参与致癌途径，这些途径控制着转基因小鼠肿瘤进展周围的事件。致癌途径控制乳腺生长、发育和肿瘤进展。转基因生物学的一些关键特征可以用以下规则来表达：(1)乳腺发育与所表达转基因的类型和数量有关；(2)发育异常和肿瘤由二次突变发展而来；(3)转基因决定肿瘤表型；(4)转基因可能激活显性致癌途径；(5)致癌途径决定预后。对许多品系转基因小鼠乳腺肿瘤发生的比较病理学研究提供了这些原理的实例。
