Csillik B, Fazakas J, Nemcsók J, Knyihár-Csillik E
Institute of Biotechnology, Bay Zoltán Foundation for Applied Research, Szeged, Hungary.
Neurotoxicology. 2000 Jun;21(3):343-52.
Deltamethrin, a synthetic pesticide [(S)alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1R)-cis-3-(2.2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dim ethylcyclopropane-carboxylate] used for extermination of mosquitoes on the shores of lake Balaton, has been found to induce severe impairments of the nervous system of several Lake Balaton fish, such as carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelis Bloch), eel (Anguilla anguilla) and wels (Silurus glanis). It has been shown that Deltamethrin, in a concentration of 1 microgram/liter in the aquarium water, inhibits acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity of the giant Mauthner's nerve cells as well as of the axon terminals synapsing with these cells. Even more importantly, however, Deltamethrin in a concentration of 10 micrograms per liter, induces blockade of the expression of choline acetyltransferase in the bulbous axon terminals synapsing with the lateral dendrites of the Mauthner cells. Since, under normal conditions, the function of the Mauthner cells is to co-ordinate the C-start reaction, by which fish rapidly leave sites of nociceptive stimulation, it stands for reason to assume that Deltamethrin intoxicated fish may be prone to become victims of various factors which endanger survival of the individual. During the last decade, waves of fish deaths were observed in Lake Balaton, which is the largest fresh-water lake in Europe. Fish death coincided with airborne mosquito-killing campaigns. Results of the enzyme- and immunohistochemical studies described in this paper, together with the deleterious effects of Deltamethrin to the enteric nervous system of fish which has been reported earlier (Lang et al., 1997) suggest that fish death might be caused by the indiscriminate use of Deltamethrin airborne spray in the mosquito-extermination campaigns.
溴氰菊酯是一种合成杀虫剂[（S）-α-氰基-3-苯氧基苄基-（1R）-顺式-3-（2,2-二溴乙烯基）-2,2-二甲基环丙烷羧酸酯]，用于巴拉顿湖岸边灭蚊，现已发现它会导致巴拉顿湖的几种鱼类，如鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）、金鱼（Carassius auratus gibelis Bloch）、鳗鱼（Anguilla anguilla）和六须鲶鱼（Silurus glanis）的神经系统严重受损。研究表明，水族箱水中浓度为1微克/升的溴氰菊酯会抑制巨大的莫特纳尔神经细胞以及与这些细胞形成突触的轴突末端的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性。然而，更重要的是，浓度为10微克/升的溴氰菊酯会诱导与莫特纳尔细胞侧树突形成突触的球状轴突末端中胆碱乙酰转移酶表达的阻断。由于在正常情况下，莫特纳尔细胞的功能是协调C型惊吓反应，通过这种反应鱼类能迅速离开伤害性刺激部位，因此有理由认为溴氰菊酯中毒的鱼类可能容易成为危及个体生存的各种因素的受害者。在过去十年中，欧洲最大的淡水湖巴拉顿湖观察到多次鱼类死亡事件。鱼类死亡与空中灭蚊行动同时发生。本文所述的酶学和免疫组织化学研究结果，以及先前报道的溴氰菊酯对鱼类肠道神经系统的有害影响（Lang等人，1997年）表明，鱼类死亡可能是由于灭蚊行动中滥用溴氰菊酯空中喷雾所致。
