Shivaprasad H L
California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Fresno Branch, University of California, Davis 93725, USA.
Rev Sci Tech. 2000 Aug;19(2):405-24. doi: 10.20506/rst.19.2.1222.
Fowl typhoid (FT) and pullorum disease (PD) are septicaemic diseases, primarily of chickens and turkeys, caused by Gram negative bacteria, Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum, respectively. Clinical signs in chicks and poults include anorexia, diarrhoea, dehydration, weakness and high mortality. In mature fowl, FT and PD are manifested by decreased egg production, fertility, hatchability and anorexia, and increased mortality. Gross and microscopic lesions due to FT and PD in chicks and poults include hepatitis, splenitis, typhlitis, omphalitis, myocarditis, ventriculitis, pneumonia, synovitis, peritonitis and ophthalmitis. In mature fowl, lesions include oophoritis, salpingitis, orchitis, peritonitis and perihepatitis. Transovarian infection resulting in infection of the egg and subsequently the chick or poult is one of the most important modes of transmission of these two diseases. Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum can be isolated by use of selective and non-selective media. Salmonella Pullorum produces rapid decarboxylation of ornithine whereas S. Gallinarum does not, an important biochemical difference between the two bacteria. Both FT and PD can be detected serologically by use of a macroscopic tube agglutination test, rapid serum test, stained antigen whole blood test or microagglutination test. Both diseases can be controlled and eradicated by use of serological testing and elimination of positive birds. Vaccines may be used to control the disease and antibiotics for the treatment of FT and PD. Although FT and PD are widely distributed throughout the world, the diseases have been eradicated from commercial poultry in developed countries such as the United States of America, Canada and most countries of Western Europe. Both S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum are highly adapted to the host species, and therefore are of little public health significance.
禽伤寒（FT）和鸡白痢（PD）是败血性疾病，主要发生于鸡和火鸡，分别由革兰氏阴性菌鸡沙门氏菌和鸡白痢沙门氏菌引起。雏鸡和小火鸡的临床症状包括厌食、腹泻、脱水、虚弱和高死亡率。在成年家禽中，禽伤寒和鸡白痢表现为产蛋量、受精率、孵化率下降以及厌食，死亡率增加。雏鸡和小火鸡因禽伤寒和鸡白痢出现的大体和微观病变包括肝炎、脾炎、盲肠炎、脐炎、心肌炎、脑室炎、肺炎、滑膜炎、腹膜炎和眼炎。在成年家禽中，病变包括卵巢炎、输卵管炎、睾丸炎、腹膜炎和肝周炎。经卵巢感染导致蛋感染，随后感染雏鸡或小火鸡，这是这两种疾病最重要的传播方式之一。鸡沙门氏菌和鸡白痢沙门氏菌可通过使用选择性和非选择性培养基进行分离。鸡白痢沙门氏菌能使鸟氨酸快速脱羧，而鸡沙门氏菌则不能，这是两种细菌之间重要的生化差异。禽伤寒和鸡白痢都可以通过宏观试管凝集试验、快速血清试验、染色抗原全血试验或微量凝集试验进行血清学检测。这两种疾病都可以通过血清学检测和淘汰阳性禽只来控制和根除。疫苗可用于控制疾病，抗生素可用于治疗禽伤寒和鸡白痢。尽管禽伤寒和鸡白痢在世界各地广泛分布，但在美国、加拿大和西欧大多数国家等发达国家，商业家禽中已根除了这两种疾病。鸡沙门氏菌和鸡白痢沙门氏菌都高度适应宿主物种，因此对公共卫生意义不大。
