Ikeda M, Zhang Z W, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Nakatsuka H, Moon C S, Matsuda-Inoguchi N, Higashikawa K
Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan.
Am J Ind Med. 2000 Sep;38(3):271-80. doi: 10.1002/1097-0274(200009)38:3<271::aid-ajim5>3.0.co;2-3.
Despite increasing public concern of the possible health effects of lead (Pb) on general populations, reports on Pb levels in blood (Pb-B) and urine (Pb-B), as well as Pb intake via foods (Pb-F) for many Asian countries are scarce. The present study was initiated to elucidate the extent of non-occupational Pb exposure among general populations in East and Southeast Asia.
In 1991-1997, peripheral blood, morning spot urine and 24-hour food duplicate samples were collected from 20 to 50 non-smoking adult women in each of four cities in Southeast Asia and five cities in Mainland China, and two cities each in Japan and Korea. The samples were wet-ashed and then analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Pb-B, Pb-U and Pb-F. Measures after logarithmic conversion were subjected to ANOVA and regression analysis.
Geometric mean values in cities in East and Southeast Asia were in ranges of 32-65 microg/L for Pb-B, 2.1-7.5 microg/g cr for Pb-Ucr, and 7-32 microg/day for Pb-F. The values for a combination of two cities of Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan (38 microg/L for Pb-B and 9.3 microg/day for Pb-F) appeared to be lower than the values for other Asian cities, and the values for all Japan (thus including both urban and rural areas) were even lower (19 microg/L for Pb-B and 7.7 microg/day for Pb-F). Comparison of Pb uptake via respiratory and dietary routes showed that Pb via dietary route accounted for 15% of the total in Manila where Pb in air was high (ca. 650 ng/m(3)), whereas it was 54% in Tokyo+Kyoto where Pb in air was low (ca. 75 ng/m(3)).
When compared internationally, Pb-F and Pb-B in Asia in general are similar to or somewhat higher than the levels in Europe and USA, whereas the levels in Japan are probably lower than the two latter areas. In Asia, Pb-F accounted for 15-54% of all Pb sources, the percentage being variable depending on local conditions especially Pb in atmospheric air.
尽管公众越来越关注铅（Pb）对普通人群可能产生的健康影响，但关于许多亚洲国家血铅（Pb-B）、尿铅（Pb-U）水平以及通过食物摄入铅（Pb-F）的报告却很少。开展本研究是为了阐明东亚和东南亚普通人群非职业性铅暴露的程度。
1991年至1997年，在东南亚四个城市、中国大陆五个城市以及日本和韩国各两个城市，分别采集了20至50名不吸烟成年女性的外周血、晨尿和24小时食物重复样本。样本经湿消化后，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析血铅、尿铅和食物铅。对数转换后的测量值进行方差分析和回归分析。
东亚和东南亚城市的几何平均值范围为：血铅32 - 65微克/升、尿肌酐铅2.1 - 7.5微克/克肌酐、食物铅7 - 32微克/天。日本东京和京都两个城市的组合值（血铅38微克/升，食物铅9.3微克/天）似乎低于其他亚洲城市的值，而日本全国（包括城市和农村地区）的值更低（血铅19微克/升，食物铅7.7微克/天）。通过呼吸和饮食途径摄入铅的比较表明，在空气中铅含量高（约650纳克/立方米）的马尼拉，通过饮食途径摄入的铅占总量的15%，而在空气中铅含量低（约75纳克/立方米）的东京 + 京都，这一比例为54%。
国际比较时，亚洲的食物铅和血铅总体上与欧洲和美国的水平相似或略高，而日本的水平可能低于后两个地区。在亚洲，食物铅占所有铅来源的15% - 54%，该百分比因当地情况而异，尤其是大气中的铅含量。
