Menger FM, Keiper JS
Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA).
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2000 Jun 2;39(11):1906-1920. doi: 10.1002/1521-3773(20000602)39:11<1906::aid-anie1906>3.0.co;2-q.
How easy it is to dismiss the humdrum surfactant! After all, its structure is unglamorous by present-day norms. And the surfactant has been entrenched in so many areas of commerce for so many decades that its chemistry might seem old and tired. The purpose of this review is to persuade the reader otherwise, all the while focusing on a remarkable new surfactant, the gemini. Geminis, the common name for "bis-surfactants", can self-assemble at concentrations almost a hundredfold lower than for corresponding conventional surfactants. Surface activity can be improved a thousandfold. Geminis have already shown promise in skin care, antibacterial regimens, construction of high-porosity materials, analytical separations, and solubilization processes. Scores of patents dealing with geminis have appeared in the last few years. Indeed, geminis might well turn out, in the opinion of some, to be more useful to "l'homme de la rue" than crown ethers or fullerenes. This review delves into such topics as synthesis, critical micellization concentration, aggregate size and shape, gels, vesicles, and films. The information comes from scientists all over the world; one might say that gemini research is bathed in a continuous sunlight or summer. No prior knowledge of colloid chemistry is presupposed in this article.
忽视平淡无奇的表面活性剂是多么容易啊！毕竟，按照当今的标准，它的结构并不引人注目。而且表面活性剂在商业的诸多领域已根深蒂固达数十年之久，以至于其化学性质可能显得陈旧过时。本综述的目的是要说服读者情况并非如此，同时聚焦于一种引人注目的新型表面活性剂——双子表面活性剂。双子表面活性剂，即“双表面活性剂”的通用名称，能够在浓度几乎比相应传统表面活性剂低百倍的情况下自组装。表面活性可提高千倍。双子表面活性剂已在皮肤护理、抗菌方案、高孔隙率材料的构建、分析分离和增溶过程中展现出前景。在过去几年里，出现了大量涉及双子表面活性剂的专利。的确，在一些人看来，双子表面活性剂对“普通人”可能比冠醚或富勒烯更有用。本综述深入探讨了诸如合成、临界胶束浓度、聚集体的大小和形状、凝胶、囊泡及薄膜等主题。这些信息来自世界各地的科学家；可以说双子表面活性剂的研究沐浴在持续的阳光或夏日之中。本文无需读者具备胶体化学的先验知识。
