Castilla JC
Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2000 Jul 30;250(1-2):3-21. doi: 10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00177-5.
The paper reviews the main findings of rocky shore and subtidal nearshore experimental marine ecology (EME) in cold and temperate marine ecosystems during the past four decades. It analyzes the role of EME in coastal management and conservation. The historical development of strategies for managing single or multispecies fisheries are reviewed. The published results show over-exploitation and depletion of more than 60% of the fish stocks and a lack of connection between the management of fisheries and results derived from experimental marine ecology. This is mainly due to: (a) the different temporal and spatial scale at which most marine ecologists and fishery managers operate; (b) the lack of long-term fishery monitoring and adaptive techniques for management; and (c) limitations in the design of experiments on fisheries. Large-scale oceanic perturbations, due to combinations of excessive resource exploitation and environmental variability coupled with present trends in management approaches are discussed. Modern approaches and tools for management of fisheries, such as Adaptive Management (AM), Territorial User Rights in Fisheries (TURFs), Individual Transferrable Quotas and Non-Transferrable Quotas (ITQs, INTQs) are discussed in the context of small-scale fisheries and EME. Published views on limits of applied ecological research with regards to management of fisheries are discussed. Linkages between EME, marine conservation and the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and experimental exclusions of humans are highlighted. Results derived from MPAs, such as: (a) species or community trophic cascades, and (b) the role of key-stone species and species interaction strengths, are discussed. It is concluded that the role of EME in conservation has been greater than has been the case in management of fisheries. The potential to link EME, conservation and the management of fisheries is exemplified through the proposed establishment in Chile of a connected network of Scientific Reserves, MPAs and TURFs sites. The final conclusion is that to cross-fertilize EME, conservation and management, there are three main challenges: (1) to end the traditional view of approaching the management of fisheries and marine conservation as contradictory/antagonizing issues; (2) to improve communications between experimental marine ecology and the management of fisheries through the implementation of experimentation and adaptive management; (3) to improve linkages between marine conservation, the management of fisheries and social sciences.
本文回顾了过去四十年来寒温带海洋生态系统中岩岸和潮下近岸实验海洋生态学（EME）的主要研究成果。分析了EME在海岸管理和保护中的作用。回顾了单物种或多物种渔业管理策略的历史发展。已发表的结果表明，超过60%的鱼类种群被过度开发和枯竭，渔业管理与实验海洋生态学得出的结果之间缺乏联系。这主要是由于：（a）大多数海洋生态学家和渔业管理者运作的时间和空间尺度不同；（b）缺乏长期渔业监测和管理的适应性技术；（c）渔业实验设计的局限性。讨论了由于过度资源开发和环境变化的综合作用以及当前管理方法趋势导致的大规模海洋扰动。在小规模渔业和EME的背景下，讨论了渔业管理的现代方法和工具，如适应性管理（AM）、渔业领土使用权（TURFs）、个体可转让配额和不可转让配额（ITQs、INTQs）。讨论了关于应用生态研究在渔业管理方面局限性的已发表观点。强调了EME、海洋保护以及海洋保护区（MPAs）的建立和人类实验性排除之间的联系。讨论了从MPAs得出的结果，如：（a）物种或群落营养级联，以及（b）关键物种的作用和物种相互作用强度。得出的结论是，EME在保护方面的作用大于在渔业管理方面的作用。通过提议在智利建立一个由科学保护区、MPAs和TURFs站点组成的连通网络，举例说明了将EME、保护和渔业管理联系起来的潜力。最后的结论是，为了使EME、保护和管理相互促进，存在三个主要挑战：（1）结束将渔业管理和海洋保护视为相互矛盾/对立问题的传统观念；（2）通过实施实验和适应性管理，改善实验海洋生态学与渔业管理之间的沟通；（3）改善海洋保护、渔业管理和社会科学之间的联系。
