Payne J T, Loken M K
CRC Crit Rev Clin Radiol Nucl Med. 1975 Jul;6(3):425-39.
The findings from both animal and human studies on the radiation risk at low doses and low dose rates are far from conclusive, primarily due to statistical limitations. However, to arrive at some estimate of radiation risk, a conservative approach has been taken, and a linear extrapolation of radiation effects from high doses to low doses has been made. Thus, it is assumed that any exposure to radiation carries some risk of somatic or genetic damage and that there is no threshold or safe dose. In medical practice, diagnostic radiological procedures should be performed only if useful clinical information will be derived. In addition, this information should be obtained at the least possible risk to the patient. For mass chest X-rays, mammography, and lung scans, a quantitative determination of benefit to risk is developed. This approach, though possible desirable, is exceedingly difficult to establish for most diagnostic radiological procedures. Thus, good clinical judgement should be employed in radiological practice, just as it should be employed in all aspects of medical practice.
关于低剂量和低剂量率辐射风险的动物和人体研究结果远未得出定论，主要是由于统计学上的局限性。然而，为了对辐射风险进行一些估计，已采取了一种保守的方法，即对高剂量到低剂量的辐射效应进行线性外推。因此，假定任何辐射暴露都存在一定的躯体或遗传损伤风险，并且不存在阈值或安全剂量。在医学实践中，只有当能获得有用的临床信息时才应进行诊断性放射学检查。此外，应在对患者风险最小的情况下获取这些信息。对于大规模胸部X线检查、乳腺摄影和肺部扫描，要对获益与风险进行定量测定。这种方法虽然可能是可取的，但对大多数诊断性放射学检查来说极难确立。因此，在放射学实践中应运用良好的临床判断力，就像在医学实践的所有方面都应运用临床判断力一样。
