Hale J, Thomas J W
Nurse Pract. 1985 Dec;10(12):16, 19, 22 passim.
In addition to radiation from naturally occurring radioactive materials and cosmic rays, individuals in developed countries receive radiation doses to bone marrow and gonads from the medical diagnostic use of X rays. A brief discussion of radiation epidemiology shows that deleterious effects are low even when doses are high. The concept of "acceptable risk" is introduced to help evaluate the small, but still existent, risks of radiation dose. Examples of bone marrow and gonadal doses for representative X-ray examinations are presented along with the current best estimates, per unit of X-ray dose, of the induction of leukemia or of genetic harm. The risk to the patient from an examination can then be compared with the normal risk of mortality from leukemia or of the occurrence of genetic defects. The risk increase is found to be very low. The risks to unborn children from radiographic examinations are also discussed. The benefit to the patient from information obtained from the examination must be balanced against the small risks.
除了来自天然放射性物质和宇宙射线的辐射外，发达国家的个人还会因医学诊断使用X射线而受到骨髓和性腺的辐射剂量。对辐射流行病学的简要讨论表明，即使剂量很高，有害影响也很低。引入“可接受风险”的概念以帮助评估辐射剂量虽小但仍然存在的风险。给出了代表性X射线检查的骨髓和性腺剂量示例，以及每单位X射线剂量导致白血病或遗传损害的当前最佳估计值。然后可以将检查给患者带来的风险与白血病死亡或遗传缺陷发生的正常风险进行比较。发现风险增加非常低。还讨论了X射线检查对未出生胎儿的风险。必须将检查所获得信息给患者带来的益处与小风险进行权衡。
