Zendzian R P
Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
AIHAJ. 2000 Jul-Aug;61(4):473-83. doi: 10.1080/15298660008984558.
The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) of the Environmental Protection Agency has developed a standard protocol for evaluating the dermal penetration of pesticides in the rat. This protocol was formalized in 1994 as a guideline for Dermal Absorption Studies of Pesticides. To date, in excess of 263 studies on the dermal absorption of over 160 pesticide chemicals have been submitted to OPP as part of the pesticide registration and risk assessment processes. The majority of these studies has been performed according to the OPP standard protocol in the rat. These studies constitute the largest database in existence on the dermal absorption of a wide variety of chemicals using a standard protocol. From this standard protocol it is possible to describe, quantitatively with dose and time, the entrance of a chemical into and penetration through the mammalian epidermis into the systemic circulation, its concentration in blood and in the body, and its excretion in urine and feces. This article describes the experimental design of the standard protocol and presents examples of the types of pesticides studied: pesticides that are neither volatile nor damage the skin (the most common type), volatile pesticides, and pesticides that damage the skin. Examples are selected to illustrate differences in the pattern of dermal uptake and subsequent absorption into the systemic compartment among and within the three classes.
美国环境保护局农药项目办公室（OPP）已制定了一项评估大鼠皮肤对农药渗透性的标准方案。该方案于1994年正式确定为农药皮肤吸收研究指南。迄今为止，作为农药注册和风险评估流程的一部分，已有超过263项关于160多种农药化学品皮肤吸收的研究提交给了OPP。这些研究中的大多数都是按照OPP在大鼠身上的标准方案进行的。这些研究构成了现存最大的使用标准方案对多种化学品进行皮肤吸收研究的数据库。根据这个标准方案，可以用剂量和时间定量描述一种化学品进入哺乳动物表皮并穿透进入体循环的过程、其在血液和体内的浓度，以及其在尿液和粪便中的排泄情况。本文描述了标准方案的实验设计，并给出了所研究农药类型的示例：既不挥发也不损伤皮肤的农药（最常见类型）、挥发性农药以及损伤皮肤的农药。所选示例旨在说明这三类农药在皮肤摄取模式以及随后进入体循环吸收方面的差异。
