Mall G, Graw M, Gehring K, Hubig M
Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Munich, Frauenlobstrasse 7a, 80337, Munich, Germany.
Forensic Sci Int. 2000 Sep 11;113(1-3):315-21. doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00240-1.
The determination of sex from bones or bone fragments considerably contributes to identifying unknown bodies or skeletal remains. Due to temporal change and regional differences anthropometric standards have to be constantly renewed. The present study provides measurements of femoral dimensions in a contemporary German population and analyses sexual dimorphism by discriminant analysis. Maximum length (male: 46.4+/-2.4 cm, female: 43.4+/-2.4 cm), maximum midshaft diameter (male: 3.1+/-0.2 cm, female: 2.8+/-0.2 cm), condylar width (male: 8.4+/-1.0 cm, female: 7.7+/-0.5 cm), vertical head diameter (male: 4.9+/-0.3 cm, female: 4.4+/-0.3 cm), head circumference (male: 15.7+/-0.8 cm, female: 13.8+/-1.0 cm) and transverse head diameter (male: 4.9+/-0.3 cm, female: 4.3+/-0.3 cm) were measured in 170 femora, 100 from male (age: 16-92 years, mean: 60.8 years; body height: 153-190 cm, mean: 171 cm) and 70 from female (age: 20-96 years, mean: 72 years; body height: 146-175 cm, mean: 161 cm) individuals. In the discriminant analysis (leave-one-out-method) 67.7% of cases could be grouped correctly with the maximum length alone, 72.4% with the maximum midshaft diameter, 81.4% with the condylar width, 86.8% with the vertical head diameter, 87.7% with the head circumference and 89.6% with the transverse head diameter. The stepwise procedure with all head measurements showed that the results for the transverse head diameter could not be improved. With all measurements subjected to stepwise procedure 91.7% of cases could be classified correctly combining midshaft diameter and head circumference (D=3.012xmidshaft diameter in cm+0.780xhead circumference in cm 20.569).
通过骨骼或骨骼碎片来确定性别，对识别无名尸体或骨骼遗骸有很大帮助。由于时间变化和地区差异，人体测量标准必须不断更新。本研究提供了当代德国人群股骨尺寸的测量数据，并通过判别分析来分析性别二态性。对170根股骨进行了测量，其中100根来自男性（年龄：16 - 92岁，平均：60.8岁；身高：153 - 190厘米，平均：171厘米），70根来自女性（年龄：20 - 96岁，平均：72岁；身高：146 - 175厘米，平均：161厘米），测量的指标包括最大长度（男性：46.4±2.4厘米，女性：43.4±2.4厘米）、骨干中部最大直径（男性：3.1±0.2厘米，女性：2.8±0.2厘米）、髁宽度（男性：8.4±1.0厘米，女性：7.7±0.5厘米）、股骨头垂直直径（男性：4.9±0.3厘米，女性：4.4±0.3厘米）、股骨头周长（男性：15.7±0.8厘米，女性：13.8±1.0厘米）以及股骨头横向直径（男性：4.9±0.3厘米，女性：4.3±0.3厘米）。在判别分析（留一法）中，仅依据最大长度就能正确分组67.7%的案例，依据骨干中部最大直径为72.4%，依据髁宽度为81.4%，依据股骨头垂直直径为86.8%，依据股骨头周长为87.7%，依据股骨头横向直径为89.6%。对所有头部测量指标进行逐步判别分析表明，股骨头横向直径的结果无法得到改善。对所有测量指标进行逐步判别分析时，结合骨干中部直径和股骨头周长（判别公式：D = 3.012×骨干中部直径（厘米） + 0.780×股骨头周长（厘米） - 20.569），91.7%的案例能够被正确分类。
