Graupner H
hg@graupner
Arch Sex Behav. 2000 Oct;29(5):415-61. doi: 10.1023/a:1001986103125.
What role can the criminal law play in the battle against child sexual abuse? Should sexual relations of and with, persons under a certain age be criminalized regardless of the circumstances, even if they are consensual ("age of consent," "minimum age")? Where should such a minimum age-limit be fixed? Should there be a special, higher age-limit for particular conditions (e.g., "seduction," "corruption")? Should sexual contacts with minors within a relationship of authority be criminalized generally, or just if authority is abused? Should criminal proceedings be instituted ex officio or upon complaint only? Should authorities be provided with a power of discretion or should they be obliged to prosecute and sentence in each case? In answering these questions, it is highly beneficial to have a look across the borders to the solutions other countries have reached. This study presents an overview on the criminal law governing the sexual behavior of, and with, children and adolescents in all European jurisdictions and in selected jurisdictions outside of Europe. It shows which categories of offences exist and from which age onward young people can effectively consent to various kinds of sexual behavior and relations in the different countries. All states in Europe and all of the studied jurisdictions overseas have minimum age limits for sexual relations, and punish sexual relations with persons under a certain age. Nowhere is this age set lower than 12 years. In Europe, in one-half of the jurisdictions, consensual sexual relations with 14-year-old adolescents are legal; in three-quarters, with 15-year olds; in a majority, this is also the case when the older partner has started the relation (and also when the initiative contains an offer of remuneration). In nearly all jurisdictions, such relations are legal from age 16 onward. Most states apply a higher age limit for contacts in relationships of authority. If the authority is not misused, the age limit in most jurisdictions is set between 14 and 16; if it is misused, between 16 and 18. Most states make no difference between heterosexual and homosexual relations.
刑法在打击儿童性虐待的斗争中能发挥什么作用？与特定年龄以下的人发生性关系，无论情况如何，即使是双方自愿的，是否都应被定为犯罪（“同意年龄”“最低年龄”）？这样的最低年龄限制应定在哪里？对于特定情况（如“引诱”“腐蚀”）是否应有一个特殊的、更高的年龄限制？与处于权威关系中的未成年人发生性接触是否应普遍被定为犯罪，还是仅在滥用权威时才如此？刑事诉讼应依职权提起还是仅应投诉提起？当局应被赋予自由裁量权还是应在每种情况下都有义务进行起诉和判刑？在回答这些问题时，审视其他国家已达成的解决方案会非常有益。本研究概述了所有欧洲司法管辖区以及欧洲以外选定司法管辖区中关于儿童和青少年性行为的刑法。它展示了存在哪些犯罪类别，以及在不同国家年轻人从什么年龄起能够有效同意各种性行为和关系。欧洲所有国家以及海外所有被研究的司法管辖区都对性关系设有最低年龄限制，并对与特定年龄以下的人发生性关系进行处罚。这个年龄设定没有低于12岁的。在欧洲，在一半的司法管辖区，与14岁青少年双方自愿的性关系是合法的；在四分之三的司法管辖区，与15岁青少年的此类关系是合法的；在大多数司法管辖区，当年龄较大的一方发起关系时（以及当主动行为包含报酬提议时）也是如此。在几乎所有司法管辖区，从16岁起此类关系都是合法的。大多数国家对处于权威关系中的接触适用更高的年龄限制。如果未滥用权威，大多数司法管辖区的年龄限制设定在14至16岁之间；如果滥用权威，则在16至18岁之间。大多数国家对异性恋和同性恋关系不作区分。
