Tiffany S T, Carter B L, Singleton E G
Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
Addiction. 2000 Aug;95 Suppl 2:S177-87. doi: 10.1080/09652140050111753.
The nature of drug craving and its role in the addictive process is a contentious issue in the addiction sciences. There are numerous disputes regarding the definition, assessment, manipulation and interpretation of craving, and progress toward resolving the enigmas of craving confronts numerous conceptual and methodological challenges. Greater attention to certain fundamental principles of measurement and manipulation should generate immediate and substantial improvements in efforts to understand and control alcohol craving. This paper provides suggestions for enhancing the measurement of self-reported alcohol craving and improving the manipulation of alcohol craving under controlled laboratory conditions. With regard to measurement, single-item scales commonly employed in craving research tend to be handicapped by limited reliability and validity. Multi-item craving scales are more likely to provide the accuracy required to accurately discriminate between different levels of craving across individuals or across different settings. Conceptual and practical considerations for the selection of multi-item craving instruments are discussed. With regard to the manipulation of alcohol craving in the laboratory, recent meta-analyses suggest that alcohol craving effects in such research may be relatively weaker than craving effects found in similar research with other addicts. Therefore, laboratory-based investigations into the nature of alcohol craving should utilize procedures and assessments that are particularly sensitive to the detection of alcohol craving. This paper offers methodological recommendations for enhancing the magnitude of alcohol craving effects generated in laboratory research.
药物渴望的本质及其在成瘾过程中的作用是成瘾科学中一个有争议的问题。关于渴望的定义、评估、操控和解释存在众多争议，解决渴望之谜的进展面临着诸多概念和方法上的挑战。更多地关注测量和操控的某些基本原则，应该能在理解和控制酒精渴望的努力中立即带来显著改善。本文为在受控实验室条件下加强自我报告的酒精渴望测量以及改善酒精渴望的操控提供了建议。在测量方面，渴望研究中常用的单项量表往往因可靠性和有效性有限而存在缺陷。多项渴望量表更有可能提供准确区分个体间或不同情境下不同渴望程度所需的准确性。本文讨论了选择多项渴望工具的概念和实际考量。在实验室中对酒精渴望的操控方面，最近的荟萃分析表明，此类研究中的酒精渴望效应可能比在其他成瘾者的类似研究中发现的渴望效应相对较弱。因此，基于实验室的酒精渴望本质研究应采用对酒精渴望检测特别敏感的程序和评估方法。本文为增强实验室研究中产生的酒精渴望效应的强度提供了方法学建议。
