Kamon E
Tex Rep Biol Med. 1975;33(1):145-82.
The biophysical, physiological and some of the psychological aspects of work under unfavorable man-made ambient conditions are presented in light of the need to prevent excessive strain. Work is treated in two ways: 1) in terms of the muscles O2 demand as a fraction of maximal aerobic capacity; and 2) in terms of metabolic heat source. Since maximal aerobic capacity depends on factors such as physical fitness, age and sex, these factors require consideration in estimating strain due to work. The absolute metabolic heat (M) produced during work is needed in the consideration of the total heat balance. Radiation (r), convection (C), and, under some circumstances, evaporation (Eev) are the main avenues of heat exchange between man and his immediate environment. Eev is primarily a function of the ambient potential for evaporation (Emax). Since the relation of the sum M+R+C to Emax determines heat balance when man in under a heat load, evaluation of the avenues of heat exchange, the sources of heat load, and the stressing effect of all these on the physiological responses are treated in some detail. Psychrometrically defined limits of exposure are also discussed. Subjective sensation and mental performance are discussed in light of their correlation with physiological responses to heat. Cold is treated mainly from the point of view of safety and protective clothing.
鉴于预防过度疲劳的必要性，本文介绍了在不利的人为环境条件下工作时的生物物理、生理以及部分心理方面的情况。工作从两个方面进行考量：1）以肌肉氧气需求量占最大有氧能力的比例来衡量；2）以代谢热源来衡量。由于最大有氧能力取决于身体健康状况、年龄和性别等因素，因此在估算工作导致的疲劳时需要考虑这些因素。在考虑总体热平衡时，需要了解工作期间产生的绝对代谢热（M）。辐射（r）、对流（C）以及在某些情况下的蒸发（Eev）是人体与其周围环境之间热交换的主要途径。Eev主要取决于环境蒸发潜力（Emax）。由于当人体处于热负荷下时，M + R + C之和与Emax的关系决定了热平衡，因此本文将详细探讨热交换途径、热负荷来源以及所有这些因素对生理反应的应激作用。还讨论了根据湿度测定法确定的暴露极限。鉴于主观感觉和心理表现与热生理反应的相关性，本文也对其进行了讨论。寒冷主要从安全和防护服的角度进行探讨。
