Wojtaszek P
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2000 Aug;75(3):437-75. doi: 10.1017/s0006323100005545.
Chemical information, carried by genes, is one of several types of information important for the functioning of cells and organisms. While genes govern the two-dimensional flow of information, the cell walls are at the basis of a structural, three-dimensional framework of plant form and growth. Recent data show the walls to be a cellular 'organelle' undergoing dynamic changes in response to a plethora of stimuli. In this review, an integrated approach, rooted in the organismal perspective, is taken to consider the role of cell walls in the biology of plants. First, the complexity of molecular and biochemical events leading to the biosynthesis of wall components is described within the framework of its spatial cellular organisation, and the major regulatory check-points are characterised. Second, cell walls form a structural and functional continuum within the whole plant and thus could be defined in relation to the protoplasts that produce them and in relation to the plant itself. Model systems of suspension-cultured cells are used to reveal the existence of a bidirectional exchange of information between the protoplast and its walls. The 'plasticity' of plant cell reactions, seen in defence responses or in changes in wall composition, to e.g. stress, plant growth regulators or chemical agents as well as the role of cell walls and/or wall components in somatic embryogenesis are also discussed. Third, being a continuum within the plant body, the walls fulfil vital functions in plant growth and development. The examples characterised include the determination of cellular polarity and the plane of cell division, cytokinesis, and the role of plasmodesmata in cell-to-cell communication and the formation of functional symplastic domains. Fourth, the exocellular control of morphogenetic processes is described and the potential of cell walls as determinants or reservoirs of positional information is indicated. Particular emphasis is put on the (bio)chemical signals coming through or derived from cell walls as well as the mechanical properties of the walls. Based on those data, the 'plant body' concept is formulated. The plant is thus treated as a unit filled with intertwining networks: (1) symplastic, (2) the endomembrane system and (3) cytoskeletal, with cell walls providing an architectural scaffolding and communication ports formed within (4) the cytoskeleton-plasma membrane-cell wall continuum.
基因携带的化学信息是对细胞和生物体功能至关重要的几种信息类型之一。虽然基因控制着二维信息流，但细胞壁却是植物形态和生长的结构三维框架的基础。最近的数据表明，细胞壁是一种细胞“细胞器”，会因大量刺激而发生动态变化。在这篇综述中，我们采用了一种基于生物体视角的综合方法，来探讨细胞壁在植物生物学中的作用。首先，在其空间细胞组织的框架内描述了导致细胞壁成分生物合成的分子和生化事件的复杂性，并对主要的调控检查点进行了表征。其次，细胞壁在整个植物体内形成了一个结构和功能连续体，因此可以根据产生它们的原生质体以及植物本身来进行定义。悬浮培养细胞的模型系统被用来揭示原生质体与其细胞壁之间双向信息交换的存在。还讨论了植物细胞反应的“可塑性”，如在防御反应或细胞壁组成变化中所看到的，对例如压力、植物生长调节剂或化学试剂的反应，以及细胞壁和/或壁成分在体细胞胚胎发生中的作用。第三，作为植物体内的一个连续体，细胞壁在植物生长和发育中发挥着至关重要的作用。所列举的例子包括细胞极性和细胞分裂平面的确定、胞质分裂，以及胞间连丝在细胞间通讯和功能性共质体域形成中的作用。第四，描述了形态发生过程的胞外控制，并指出了细胞壁作为位置信息决定因素或储存库的潜力。特别强调了通过细胞壁或源自细胞壁的（生物）化学信号以及细胞壁的机械特性。基于这些数据，形成了“植物体”的概念。因此，植物被视为一个充满相互交织网络的单元：（1）共质体网络、（2）内膜系统和（3）细胞骨架网络，细胞壁提供了一个建筑支架，并在（4）细胞骨架 - 质膜 - 细胞壁连续体中形成通讯端口。
